What is a rocker? Who are rockers? What is rocker in a diesel engine.

It happens that when repairing a car, it is necessary to replace or repair the rocker. Many people, encountering this problem for the first time, do not know what it means. Rockers (or valve rockers as they are also called) are a mechanism used to transfer energy from the camshaft cam to the intake valve stem. Valve rocker arms are part of the gas distribution mechanism (GRM) of a car engine with a “classical” structure. Nowadays, rockers in engines are quite rare.

The reason for this is the fact that modern engines have completely moved to overhead camshafts. And, as a rule, the main reason for using rockers in modern engines is the desire to reduce the size of the latter. There may be several reasons for making such a decision, but the first place is occupied by the need to place an internal combustion engine (ICE) under the hood of a small car.

Rocker device.

The rockers are located on an axis, which is mounted on 4 racks on the cylinder head (cylinder head). Each rocker is located on a separate axis and is attached to the head surface with one bolt, and the position of the rocker axis, in turn, is fixed by two pins pressed into the post. The stand is made as one piece with the rocker axle.

A rocker is a lever with two “shoulders”, and it is made by forming steel using forging or casting technology. If you choose, the forging method is much better, because forged parts are incomparably stronger. Both “shoulders” of the rocker have a T-shaped section.

Traditionally, there are long and short arms of the rocker arm. At the end of the long arm there is a hardened cylindrical plane - the rocker striker. The striker of the rocker rests against the end end of the valve stem.

At the end of the short arm there is a bolt with which the depth of the gap between the valve itself and the valve drive lever is adjusted. In the case where there is, this gap is adjusted automatically. At the same time, the noise is significantly reduced, and the operation of the timing belt becomes smoother and softer. There is also a special hole in the short arm, which provides access to engine oil for lubricating parts.

The rocker arm is restrained by a coil spring. This is necessary in order to prevent the rocker from moving along the axis. The axle itself, which serves to attach the rockers, is hollow, and the outer side of the axle is hardened, which increases wear resistance.

Operating principle of valve rocker arms.

The principle of operation of the rocker arm is as follows:
when the camshaft cam puts pressure on the short arm, lift occurs.
The long arm lowers, while pressing on the valve stem. Auxiliary elements in the rocker structure are bushings that reduce friction.

Common breakdowns.

Since during operation the rocker striker and the rocker itself are subjected to various thermal and mechanical loads, this, in turn, leads to their damage and wear.

If you notice that the output from the internal combustion engine is decreasing in different operating modes, or you hear a characteristic knocking sound in the cylinder head, this means that the rocker is broken. Also, very often the rocker itself breaks, which means that the valve has failed. External signs of a broken rocker are exactly the same as in the case of a malfunction of any timing part.

Who are rockers? There are many photos of them, but the essence of the concept still remains a mystery to most people. Initially, this word was used to refer to the youth movement in the United States in the fifties of the twentieth century. The characteristic attributes of these guys were peculiar clothes in dark colors and, of course, motorcycles.

These people allowed themselves to “cut” them through the streets to the horror of passers-by. They initially opposed themselves to fashion, popular commercial trends and their peers, who preferred scooters to get around the city. This is what united the rockers initially, and only after some time a musical direction appeared - rock. Representatives included early Presley, Chuck Berry, Jane Vincent and others. Initially, rockers were kind of out of fashion, outside of generally accepted standards and format. This was primarily expressed in fast motorcycle riding - about 160 km/h. It is easy to imagine the horror of the respectable and sedate inhabitants of cities and suburbs.

How did rockers originally dress and dress?

The clothes of rockers can be very different, but they are always practical and comfortable. In particular, leather jackets are equipped with stripes, spikes and rivets, which serve not only decorative purposes. They protect motorcyclists from small debris and wind on the road. Spikes and stripes are clearly visible on the road at night, which protects against collisions. Considering all of the above, it is not difficult to understand why members of the rocker subculture wear or jeans.

They are simply comfortable and do not restrict movement, which is very important on the road. In addition, it is almost impossible to be on a motorcycle for a long time in shorts or other clothes, and yet a rocker’s motorcycle was and is practically the most important means of transportation for him. Naturally, the body must be well protected from debris and damage while riding.

Rock music has been and will continue to be a subject of controversy. But this is precisely the case when the truth is not born in a dispute, and cannot be born. The reason lies primarily in labeling and clichés. A clear line between the enemies of rock and those who are “real rockers.” The main topic of articles devoted to this musical movement is the eternal battle with pop music, or pop music. The youth subculture “rockers” is often quite aggressive towards pop singers.

Operating principle of the gas distribution mechanism

The operation of the gas distribution mechanism consists of the synchronous movement of two shafts - the crankshaft and the camshaft. Parallel rotation of the shafts ensures timely opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves of the engine cylinders.

As the camshaft rotates, its cams act on the levers, which in turn transmit force to the valve stems, which leads to the opening of the valves.

With further rotation of the camshaft, the valves close due to the cams occupying the initial position.

Hairstyle

They deserve special mention. If earlier the option a la Elvis was popular, now everything is much more interesting. The hairstyle can be almost anything, the main thing is that it reflects the individual’s personality. However, in the post-Soviet space you can most often see a rocker with long hair tied into a tight ponytail. This also serves a practical purpose.

The collected hair does not interfere while driving, and besides, you can always understand from the hairstyle which direction of music a person prefers. If you see a rocker with his hair down, then most likely he won’t be driving anytime soon. So to speak, loose hair is an indicator that a person is among his own people, in a comfortable environment. Yes, there are those who like to ride with their hair down, but in this case they will definitely have either a helmet or a bandana on their head. They help keep rockers' hairstyles in relative order. It is a myth that rockers ride without a helmet. During a show or demonstration ride of a motorcycle club - yes. At other times, you will have either a helmet or at least wind goggles on your head. Thus, the hairstyle of rockers is something by which you can always recognize representatives of this subculture.

Valve rocker

Rocker (valve drive lever) is a structural element of the valve drive mechanism. There is also the name roller lever or rocker arm. The purpose of the rocker is to transfer force from the camshaft cam to the valve stem (rod) with an overhead camshaft position. This solution in the valve drive device provides the timing belt with less weight and reduces friction.

The rocker arm (valve rocker) absorbs the forward movement of the pusher rod and transmits this movement to the valve stem. The initial force is transmitted from the camshaft cam. The rockers are located at the top of the cylinder head. An axle is pressed into the central part of the rocker, the position of which is fixed using two rocker support pins. The support pins are inserted into special racks, which in some design options are made in the cylinder head housing.

The rocker arm, on one side, rests on the valve stem, and on the other, it can rest on the hydraulic compensator. Some designs of the valve drive mechanism provide for the rocker to rest on a special ball joint. The contact point between the rocker and the distribution cam is made in the form of a roller.

Valve rocker arms in modern engines are gradually being eliminated from the timing device due to the active use of overhead camshaft designs. The main purpose of using rockers today is to reduce the size of the engine. This may be necessary to place the internal combustion engine in the engine compartment of a small car.

A rocker is a lever that has two “shoulders” (a double-arm lever). The valve rocker arm is made by forming steel, casting or forging. The latter option is more preferable, since forged elements have increased strength. Forged rockers are installed on powerful power units.

It is customary to distinguish between the long and short arms of the rocker arm. The long arm has a special reinforced cylindrical surface. This surface is commonly called the rocker striker. With its striker, the rocker arm receives emphasis on the end end of the valve stem. At the end of the short arm of the valve rocker arm there is an adjusting bolt, which allows you to adjust the depth of the gap between the valve and the valve drive lever. If there is a hydraulic compensator, then the thermal gap is adjusted automatically, reducing noise and making the timing smoother.

A hydraulic compensator (hydraulic pusher) is a cylinder that is based on a piston with a spring, a check valve and special channels for supplying engine oil from the internal combustion engine lubrication system. If the hydraulic compensator is located on the valve tappet, the device is called a hydraulic tappet (hydraulic tappet).

Additionally, there is a hole in the short arm that provides access to engine oil to lubricate the elements. To prevent the rocker from moving along the axis, the rocker arm is held in place by a coil spring. The rocker arm works on the following principle: when the camshaft cam exerts force on the short arm of the rocker, thereby lifting occurs. The long arm moves down, pressing on the valve stem. Additional elements in the rocker design are bushings to reduce friction.

During operation, the rocker striker, bearings and the rocker itself are subject to mechanical and thermal loads, which leads to wear and damage. The rocker arm may break, which means the valve stops working. If the rocker breaks, then the malfunction manifests itself in the form of a characteristic knocking sound in the cylinder head and a decrease in output from the internal combustion engine in various operating modes.

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Characteristics of rock

Although rockers appeared as a phenomenon in the fifties of the twentieth century, the direction of “rock music” arose in the 60s, that is, somewhat later. The main characteristics of these guys were riding motorcycles and listening to rock and roll. Later, the influence of this musical movement weakened. What happened in the Soviet Union? Despite everything, the rocker movement penetrated here too.

But it took on new forms and changed under the influence of the surrounding reality. If in Britain a rocker was a hooligan riding a motorcycle, then in the USSR he was more of a pensive poet-thinker. Why did this happen? The thing is that both then and now students could not afford a motorcycle of this class - a Harley, so music became the key consolidating moment for rockers in the Soviet and post-Soviet space. Various groups took up the rockers' banner. Little by little the music became heavier, there were more and more bands. Over time, bikers have created a separate subculture, which also has certain characteristics. Nowadays, rockers are mainly considered adherents of a certain musical direction, while bikers are associated only with motorcycles.

What is it like - rockers' music?

The peculiarity of the music of this subculture is that it has many subtypes, types and genres. Naturally, all people are different, so now rock collectively refers to all heavy music, as well as music whose lyrics contain a deep meaning. Thus, they distinguish punk rock, folk rock, industrial rock, Russian rock and other directions.

In particular, the most famous Russian rockers are the groups “Alice” and their leader V. Kinchev, the group “Aria” and V. Kipelov, “Nautilus” and “DDT” and Yu. Shevchuk. Even the names of these musicians now represent an entire era; they have become a symbol and synonym of Russian rock. They are being replaced by younger teams - “Bi2”, “Splin”, “Prince” and others. Despite the fact that the musical direction “metal” is somewhat different from that, it is still popular among rockers. This is also a type of heavy music with beautiful, meaningful lyrics, but here the guitar and keyboard parts are more pronounced. Be that as it may, in order to better understand fans of heavy music, you need to plunge into what this subculture consists of. Rockers, contrary to popular belief, are not hooligans, not brawlers, not drunkards. As with everything, it all depends on the individual. Pop singers drink and abuse drugs just like rockers. But at the same time, they are the last for anyone in terms of unity, a sense of brotherhood and camaraderie.

"Goat" - a symbol of Satanists?

Often, when people of the older generation see a “goat” at concerts, they think that these are ministers of some kind of Satanic cult. In fact, this sign of rockers - the raised index finger and little finger - is more of a guarding, protective gesture. It was originally used to greet people and symbolized the letter "u" - the first in the English word "unity", or "unity". That is, this gesture is similar to Churchill’s gesture in his time. The sign of the rockers should not be confused with the almost identical sign of the pacifists, when the thumb is not pressed against the folded middle and ring fingers, but is set to the side.

This sign means "love" as the index finger and thumb form a shape similar to the English letter L, the first in the word Love. The "goat", which rockers wave at concerts, serves as a symbol of recognition and approval of the group's songs. In addition, it shows how many people in the room are people who consider those around them part of their social circle. It’s a paradox, but communication between strangers becomes much closer if both of them are close to this subculture. Rockers, by the way, do not quite correspond to the stereotypes that have developed about them. For example, there is an opinion that they have low intelligence. In reality this is not the case. A rocker can be a representative of any profession, having any social status. But that is not all. British scientists have proven that teenagers who listen to rock... are smarter than their peers! However, scientists do not say why this happens.

How do rockers dress today?

In wide circles there is an opinion that rockers are mostly unkempt and unwashed homeless-looking people who do nothing but drink and go to concerts. Some classify them as sexual minorities. This, however, is not the case. Firstly, compared to metrosexuals, rockers really seem overly brutal. But there's a reason for that. Rockers, whose photos can be seen almost everywhere, position themselves as strong personalities, so various mannered habits are not for them. Moreover, many fans of heavy music are homophobic. The “rockers” subculture is one of the few who treat fans of other genres and styles with understanding and tolerance. The only exception is, perhaps, pop music. This explains both the style of rockers and their clothing preferences. Regardless of the material, dark colors predominate. What style a person prefers also leaves a certain imprint. Fans of gothic style will most likely prefer a combination of red and black, folk rock - dark green and black. The clothes can be anything, but they are practical, comfortable and dark. Chains and spikes are not a required attribute. Most often they can be seen on fans of punk rock. This is not surprising, since they are one of the most aggressive branches of rockers. Russian rockers prefer not to wear this. For them, appearance is of secondary importance. At the same time, the opinion that there are no females among rockers is incorrect. Rocker girls, whose photos every music lover now has - vocalists of the groups "Arkona", "Kalevala", Nightwish, Within temptation, and others.

They are equal creators of the subculture, its integral part. Moreover, female-fronted rock is becoming more and more popular. There is nothing strange about this - what could be better than the combination of good music and a beautiful girl with wonderful vocals?

Pusher (rocker)

The engine of any vehicle is designed by the manufacturer for its entire service life, but improper operation of the vehicle, poor maintenance, drop in oil pressure, poor oil quality and untimely replacement, bad roads, cause the engine to fail before the time stated by the manufacturer.

Mercedes Benz 400 and 500 series cars have a big problem in the gas distribution mechanism. During operation, the parts of this mechanism wear out, resulting in an increase in the thermal gap, which in turn subsequently causes a knocking sound when the valve is lifted and seated. There is an increase in wear on the camshaft and pusher roller. The roller pusher wears out due to the small friction area of the guide, and the guide itself and the direction groove also begin to wear out.

The pusher is designed to transmit movement to the valves through the gas distribution mechanism rods. Going beyond the tolerance limits, the pusher guide breaks its own seat and, having cut off the guide key, begins to rotate in the hole, turning 45 degrees, the camshaft begins to hit the end of the roller, breaking the top of the cam.

After such a breakdown, there is no way to install a new pusher (rocker) into the broken block. The block becomes beyond repair. The seat cannot be restored. The elliptical part of the camshaft breaks, and it also becomes unusable.

Interregional Scientific and Technological Research offers its services to avoid the situation described above by increasing the length of the guide key in the body of the pusher, thereby increasing the friction area. Thanks to this technology, it is possible to save the engine from disposal, but depending on the damage caused at the time the engine is separated, since very often not only the guide groove is broken, but also the diameter of the seat of the guide itself. The camshaft cam is also rebuilt with a guarantee on all types of work. When changing the design of the rods, the hardness of the material corresponds to the manufacturer’s parameters.

The use of such an original solution in the repair of a pusher (rocker) has no analogues.

The cars we rescued 5 years ago are still running today with our upgraded pushrods and rebuilt camshafts. The maximum mileage on our product is 500,000 km.

What types of rock are there?

To better understand the “rockers” subculture, let’s look at the subgenres of this musical movement.

Underground

. This style is characterized by a rejection of norms, rules and established patterns. Here, artistic traditions, social stereotypes and social values have no meaning. Underground - in all its manifestations, a shock for the viewer and the unprepared person. Underground is any non-commercial rock music whose performers have not yet found themselves and are experimenting with sound and image. Their work does not fit into any format, either because of the shocking texts or because of the emotional overtones of their performances. It is characteristic that such groups are almost unknown.

Glam rock

. Characterized by an emphasis on guitar and keyboard parts, simplified sound and rhymes. At the same time, musicians use a lot of cosmetics, glitter and the like. The performance is exalted, the arrangements are spectacular, and the image of the musicians is amazing.

Engine timing mechanism 740.10

GAS DISTRIBUTION MECHANISM

The gas distribution mechanism (Figure 19) is designed to ensure the intake of fresh air charge into the cylinders and the release of exhaust gases from them. The intake and exhaust valves open and close in certain piston positions, which is ensured by the alignment of the marks on the drive gears of the units during their installation.

The gas distribution mechanism is overhead valve with a lower camshaft. The camshaft cams 24, in accordance with the valve timing, activate the pushers 23. The rods 19 impart a rocking motion to the rocker arms 16, and they, overcoming the resistance of the springs 4 and 5, open the valves 25. The valves close under the force of the compressed springs.

Figure 19. Gas distribution mechanism: 1 - cylinder head; 2 — guide bushing; 3 — valve spring washer; 4, 5 — valve springs; 6 — valve cuff; 7 — washer; 8 — head mounting bolt; 9 — spring plate; 10 — spring plate bushing; 11 — valve block; 12 — cover fastening bolt; 13 — washer; 14 — vibration-isolating washer; 15 — cylinder head cover; 16 — valve rocker arm; 17 — rocker arm stand; 18 — cover gasket; 19 — rod; 20 — screw for fastening the intake manifold; 21 — screw for fastening the water pipe; 22 — sealing gasket; 23 - pusher; 24 - camshaft; 25 — exhaust valve; 26 — exhaust saddle; 27 — cylinder liner; 28 — gas junction ring; 29 — cylinder block; A - thermal gap.

The camshaft (Figure 20) is made of steel, the cams and bearing journals are subjected to high-frequency heat treatment, and is installed in the camber of the cylinder block on five plain bearings, which are steel bushings filled with an antifriction alloy. The diameter of the bushings is 6 mm larger compared to the bushings of the 740.10 engine.

Figure 20. Camshaft: 1 - camshaft; 2 - bearing housing; 3 - gear; 4 - key.

The camshaft has an increased dimension, modified valve timing and valve stroke compared to the camshaft of the 740.10 engine. A spur gear 3 is pressed onto the rear end of the camshaft. The camshaft is driven from the crankshaft gear through a block of intermediate gears. To ensure the specified valve timing, gears during assembly are installed according to the marks stamped on their ends (see Figure 7). Steel gears, stamped with heat-treated teeth. The shaft is secured against axial movement by housing 2 (Figure 20) of the rear support bearing, which is attached to the cylinder block with three bolts. The seat diameter of the rear bearing housing is larger compared to the bearing housing of the 740.10 engine. Marking on the camshaft 740.21-1006015 is done by impact at the end.

Installing a bearing housing for the rear mount of the 740.10 engine is unacceptable, as it will lead to an emergency decrease in oil pressure in the system and premature failure of the engine.

Valves 25 (Figure 19) are made of heat-resistant steel. The operating chamfer angle of the valves is 90°. The diameter of the intake valve plate is 51.6 mm, the exhaust valve is 46.6 mm, the lift height of the intake valve is 14.2 mm, the exhaust valve is 13.7 mm. The geometry of the intake and exhaust valve plates ensures the appropriate gas-dynamic parameters for the intake and exhaust of gases and therefore replacing the valves with engine valves 740.10 is not recommended.

The valves move in guide bushings made of cermet. To prevent oil from entering the cylinder, rubber sealing collars are installed on the valve guides.

Pushers 23 (Figure 19) are of the disc type with a profiled guide part (possibly cylindrical in the transition period). Made of steel with subsequent surfacing of the surface of the plate with bleached cast iron. The pusher is subjected to chemical-thermal treatment.

The pushrod guides are cast to the cylinder block. During the transition period, it is possible to install screw-on guide pushers (with trimming the bolts and threaded guide bosses), as on the 740.10 engine. In this case, installing the 740.10 engine pusher guide without special trimming is not allowed.

Rods 19 (Figure 19) of pushers are steel, hollow, with pressed tips. The rods are 3 mm shorter than the rods of the 740.10 engine and are not interchangeable with them.

The rocker arms 16 (Figure 19) of the valves are steel, stamped, and are a double-arm lever, in which the ratio of the large arm to the small one is 1.55. The rocker arms of the intake and exhaust valves are mounted on a common stand and fixed in the axial direction with a spring retainer. The valve rocker arms, unlike the rocker arms of the 740.10 engine, do not have a bronze bushing, as a result of which they are not interchangeable with them.

The rocker arm stand 17 (Figure 19) is cast iron, the axles are subjected to high-frequency heat treatment. The diameter of the trunnions is 2 mm larger compared to the trunnions of the rocker arm of the 740.10 engine.

Springs 4 and 5 (Figure 19) of the valves are screw-type, two are installed on each valve. Springs have different winding directions. The wire diameter of the outer spring is 4.8 mm, the inner one is 3.5 mm. Preset spring force is 355 N, total working force is 821 N. The springs are interchangeable with engine springs 740.10.

The procedure for adjusting the gaps between the rocker tips and valves is described in the “Maintenance” section.

Cylinder heads 1 (Figure 19) are separate for each cylinder, made of aluminum alloy, for cooling they have a cavity communicating with the cooling cavity of the block. The bottom of the head is strengthened due to increased thickness in the exhaust port area and an additional fin compared to the cylinder head of the 740.10 engine.

Each cylinder head is mounted on two locating pins pressed into the cylinder block and secured with four alloy steel bolts. One of the locating pins also serves as a bushing for supplying oil to lubricate the valve rocker arms. The bushing is sealed with rubber rings. The head has an enlarged hole for draining engine oil from under the valve cover into the rod cavity.

The intake and exhaust ports are located on opposite sides of the cylinder head. The intake channel has a tangential profile to ensure optimal rotational movement of the air charge, which determines the parameters of the engine operating process and the toxicity of exhaust gases, therefore replacement with cylinder heads 740.1003014-20 is not allowed.

Cast iron seats and cermet valve guides are pressed into the head. The valve seats have an increased fit compared to the 740.10 engine seats and are secured with a sharp edge. The exhaust seats and valve are profiled to provide less resistance to exhaust gases.

The use of the 740.10 engine exhaust valve is not recommended.

The cylinder head-liner joint (gas joint) is gasketless (Figure 20). A steel sealing ring 3 is pressed into a bored groove on the lower plane of the head. Using this ring, the cylinder head is installed on the liner collar. The tightness of the seal is ensured by high precision processing of the mating surfaces of the sealing ring and cylinder liner 5. The lead coating on the surface of the gas joint ring further increases the tightness by compensating for micro-roughness of the sealing surfaces. To reduce harmful volumes in the gas joint, a fluoroplastic filler gasket 4 is installed. The filler gasket is fixed on the gas joint ring due to a reverse cone and an interference fit along the protruding belt. The use of a filler gasket reduces specific fuel consumption and exhaust smoke.

Single use filler pad.

To seal the coolant bypass channels, O-rings 2 (Figure 21) made of silicone rubber are installed in the holes in the bottom of the head.

Figure 21. Gas joint: 1 - cylinder head; 2 — sealing ring for coolant bypass; 3 - gas junction ring; 4 — filler gasket; 5 — cylinder liner; 6 — sealing ring; 7 — sealing gasket; 8 — cylinder block; 9 - screen.

The space between the head and the block, the engine oil drain holes and the rod holes are sealed with a cylinder head gasket 7 (Figure 20) made of heat-resistant rubber. The gasket additionally has a sealing collar for the oil supply bushing and a groove for draining oil into the rod holes.

When assembling the engine, the cylinder head bolts should be tightened in three steps in the sequence shown in Figure 22.

The tightening torque should be:

— first dose — 39…49 N m (4…5 kgf m);

- second reception - 98... 127 Nm (10...13 kgf m);

- third step - 186... 206 N m (19... 21 kgf m) limit value.

Before screwing in, lubricate the bolt threads with a thin layer of graphite grease.

After tightening the bolts, it is necessary to adjust the gaps between the valves and rocker arms. The gap is necessary to ensure a tight fit of the valve on the seat during thermal expansion of parts during engine operation.

An increase or decrease in thermal clearances negatively affects the operation of the gas distribution mechanism and the engine as a whole. If the gaps are too large, shock loads increase and wear on valve drive parts increases. With very small gaps and their absence, the combustion chamber is not sealed, the engine loses compression and does not develop full power. The valves overheat, which can lead to burnout of the chamfers. If there is no clearance, scuffs appear on the pusher plate and the working surface of the camshaft cam.

The frequency and procedure for adjustment are given in the “Maintenance” section.

Figure 22. Sequence of tightening the cylinder head bolts.

The valve mechanism is closed with an aluminum cover 15 (Figure 19). For noise insulation and sealing of the joint between the cover and the cylinder head, a rubber sealing gasket 18 and a vibration-isolating washer 14 are used.

Tighten the cylinder head cover bolts to a torque of 12.7…17.6 Nm (1.3…1.8 kgf m).

Newer movements of rock

Progressive

. It is played by quite serious musicians, expanding and enriching rock with classical arrangements, borrowings and improvisations. Progressive came to replace psychedelic rock, completely displacing it in the 70-80s of the twentieth century. Despite the fact that this style is in the shadow of commercial trends, it continues to develop and improve, enriching the world music fund along with other genres.

Psychedelic rock, or psychedelic

. Characterized by depressive vocals, detached lyrics, experiments with sound, and the use of unconventional instruments and transitions. Historically, the perception of psychedelics was and remains closely associated with the use of narcotic drugs of varying strengths.

Hard rock

. The most enduring and popular genre, which has spawned many other trends, is the same metal. This is very dynamic, strong and powerful music. The lead is guitar or keyboards, complemented by a loud rhythm section. All this makes the work holistic and monolithic. What is most important here is the skill of each performer, as well as the ability to work with other similar masters in a team.

Camshafts and tappets (1.6 and 1.8 l engines) Toyota Corolla

Repair manuals
Repair manual for Toyota Corolla 1992-1998.
Camshafts and tappets (1.6 and 1.8 L engines)

3.1.1.10. Camshafts and tappets (1.6 and 1.8 L engines)

Sequence of tightening the bolts of the exhaust camshaft bearing journal covers (1.6 L and 1.8 L engines)

Sequence of tightening the bolts of the inlet camshaft bearing journal covers (1.6 L and 1.8 L engines)

Timing marks on camshaft gears

1. Fitting marks
2. Installation marks (duplicated)

3. TDC marks

Removal

EXECUTION ORDER

Checking status

EXECUTION ORDER

Installation

EXECUTION ORDER

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1. Introduction

1.0 Introduction 1.2 Model codes 1.3 Control panel 1.4. Instrument cluster 1.5. Controls and instrumentation 1.6. Starting the engine and driving the car 1.7 Technical data 1.8 Adjustment data, filling containers and liquids 1.9. Possible faults

2. Maintenance

2.0 Maintenance 2.1 Technical data 2.2 Location of components and parts 2.3 Checking fluid levels 2.4 Checking the condition of tires and tire pressure 2.5. Maintenance every 5000 km or 3 months 2.6. Maintenance every 12,000 km or 6 months 2.7. Maintenance every 24,000 km or 12 months 2.8. Maintenance every 50,000 km or 2 years 2.9 Maintenance every 100,000 km or 4 years

3. Engines

3.0 Engines 3.1. Technical data 3.2. Diesel engine 3.3. Engine electrical equipment

4. Cooling and heating systems

4.0 Cooling and heating systems 4.1 Technical data 4.2 Antifreeze 4.3 Thermostat 4.4 Fan and fan relay 4.5 Radiator and expansion tank 4.6 Coolant pump 4.7 Coolant temperature sensor 4.8 Fan unit 4.9 Heater radiator 4.10. Heater and air conditioning control panel 4.11 Air conditioner dehumidifier 4.12 Compressor 4.13 Condenser 4.14 Evaporator and expansion valve

5. Fuel and exhaust systems

5.0 Fuel and exhaust systems 5.1 Technical data 5.2 Procedure for decompressing the fuel system 5.3 Fuel pump and fuel pressure 5.4 Removing and installing the fuel pump 5.5 Fuel level sensor 5.6 Fuel lines and joints 5.7 Fuel tank 5.8 Cleaning and repairing the fuel tank 5.9 Air filter 5.10 Throttle cable dampers 5.11 Electronic fuel injection system (EFI system) 5.12 Checking and replacing EFI system units 5.13 Exhaust system maintenance

6. Toxicity reduction system

6.0 Toxicity reduction system 6.1 Technical data 6.2 Electronic control system 6.3 Electronic control unit 6.4. On-board diagnostic system 6.5. Sensors of the automatic engine control system 6.6 Gasoline vapor recovery system 6.7 Recirculation system (EGR system) 6.8 Forced crankcase ventilation system (PCV system) 6.9 Catalytic converter

7. Gearboxes

7.0 Gearboxes 7.1. Technical data 7.2. Automatic transmission

8. Clutch and axle shafts

8.0 Clutch and axle shafts 8.1 Technical data 8.2. Clutch 8.3. Half shaft

9. Brake system

9.0 Brake system 9.1 Technical data 9.2 Anti-lock brake system (ABS) 9.3 Front brake pads 9.4 Front brake caliper 9.5 Rear disc brake pads 9.6 Rear disc brake caliper 9.7 Brake disc 9.8 Rear drum brake pads 9.9 Slave cylinder 9.1 0 Brake master cylinder 9.11 Brake hoses and pipes 9.12 Hydraulic brake system 9.13 Vacuum booster 9.14 Handbrake 9.15 Handbrake cables 9.16 Brake pedal 9.17 Brake light switch 9.18 Vehicle load-sensing pressure limiting valve

10. Suspension and steering

10.0 Suspension and steering 10.1 Technical data 10.2 Suspension strut (front) 10.3 Suspension strut 10.4 Anti-roll bar (front) and bushings 10.5 Control arm 10.6 Ball joints 10.7 Steering knuckle and hub 10.8 Hub and wheel bearing (front) 10 .9 Anti-roll bar stability (rear suspension) and bushings 10.10 Suspension strut (rear) 10.11 Longitudinal link 10.12 Transverse suspension links 10.13 Hub and bearing (rear wheel) 10.14 Rear wheel hub bracket 10.15 Steering 10.16 Steering wheel 10.17 Tie rod ends 10.1 8 Steering gear 10.19 Power steering pump steering 10.20 Power steering system 10.21 Wheels and tires 10.22 Wheel alignment

11. Body

11.0 Body 11.1 Maintenance and Repair 11.2 Vinyl Trim 11.3 Upholstery and Carpets 11.4 Minor Body Damage Repair 11.5 Major Body Damage Repair 11.6 Hinges and Locks 11.7 Windshield and Fixed Windows 11.8 Hood 11.9 Trunk Lid 11.10 Rear Door (Stagon Models) ") 11.11 Rear door support pillar 11.12 Door decorative panel 11.13 Door 11.14 Door latch, lock cylinder and handles 11.15 Door window glass 11.16 Bumpers 11.17 Outside mirror 11.18 Seats 11.19 Instrument cluster frame 11.20 Glove compartment 11.21 Central decor ive panel 11.22 Steering column cover 11.23 Lower steering column trim panel 11.24 Console 11.25 Instrument panel 11.26 Radiator grille 11.27 Hood ventilation grille 11.28 Seat belts

12. Electrical equipment

12.0 Electrical equipment 12.1 Fuses 12.2 Fuseable jumpers 12.3 Circuit breakers 12.4 Relays 12.5 Turn signal/hazard light switches 12.6 Combination switch 12.7 Steering column switches 12.8 Ignition switch and lock drum 12.9 Rear window defroster switch 12. 10 Heated rear window 12.11 Radio and speakers 12.12 Antenna 12.13 Headlight bulbs 12.14 Headlights 12.15 Replacing bulbs 12.16 Daytime running lights system 12.17 Windshield wiper motor 12.18 Instrument panel 12.19 Horn 12.20 Cruise control system 12.21 Central locking system 12.22 Window lift system 12.23 Rear view mirrors with electric drive 12.24 Airbag 12.25. Electrical circuits

How to define what rock is?

In general, there is no exact definition of rock. This is a mixture of art, symphonic, hard rock and other directions. Razin, considering the concept and phenomenon of rock, notes that it is difficult to give a clear definition to this phenomenon due to the following reasons. Firstly, it is difficult to identify the laws by which rock music lives, develops and interacts with other cultural phenomena. Secondly, the social formations that exist and coexist with this subculture have been practically unstudied. Thirdly, it is impossible to predict in which direction rock will develop. This is what makes rockers different. A subculture whose photos can shock people can no longer be considered an ordinary phenomenon.

Features of Russian rock

The attitude towards Russian rock is traditionally dismissive. At the same time, no one in their right mind would be stupid enough to say to the face of a two-meter tall guy on a bike that Aria is a bad group, for example. And this is a paradox. Russian rock is different in that every word in it is a message to people.

Such hidden words-messages were used by such famous rockers as V. Tsoi, Kinchev, Makarevich. Let's look at a few examples. For example, the word "star". Traditionally it means something unattainable, a great and sacred goal. Therefore, the Sun is synonymous with this word. This is an ideal luminary that both shines and warms all people. That is, this goal benefits all people without exception.

The antipode of the Sun is the Moon. It is used as a synonym for a false, false target. Therefore, night is considered identical to all the vices of society and humanity as a whole. True, sometimes shadow takes its place as the antithesis of light. Accordingly, to sleep means to passively observe, to be inactive. A sleeping person is dead, but a searching person is still alive. The sun, the moon, and the stars - all of this is in height. This is not easy to comprehend. This can only be done by a bird-man capable of flying, that is, a free person who can go beyond and think in philosophical categories. Naturally, this requires wings.

Symbolism of sky, water, fire and other elements in the works of Russian groups

The analogue of the sky in the work of some groups is the sea. This is a free space for activity, as Russian rockers say. It is opposed to the river, which is squeezed into a framework, flows and cannot choose its path. Water is also used as something identical to life or that most important thing that fills it and prevents it from dying. In turn, fire is found much less frequently in texts and symbolizes human life. The “rockers” subculture is sensitive to this symbol, which, at first glance, does not fit with the dark tones of clothing. Let's look at symbolic words related to climate. So, the wind is changes, transformations. If it blows in your face, then these are the hindrances and obstacles that prevent a person from moving forward, developing and moving on. Rain is used in addition to wind as an obstacle. Snow is less common and, basically, serves as a synonym for a new stage in life, a new page on the path of life. Due to such hidden words-messages, the semantic load of the texts increases, the songs cease to be just a phenomenon that is pleasant to the ear. they make you think about life and a person’s place in it. Some artists' lyrics even have parts that influence the subconscious. This helps to further increase the meaning and influence of rock on the consciousness of the masses.

ROCKER

[English] rocker - rocking rock - swing, shake] - a member of an informal group of young people who ride around (usually in black leather jackets) on motorcycles and violate traffic rules and norms of behavior on the streets (especially at night). Syn. — BIKER.

Dictionary of foreign words. - Komlev N.G. , 2006.

Rocker

[English] rocker ] - in figure skating - “hook”, a special complex figure

Large dictionary of foreign words. - Publishing house "IDDK", 2007.

Rocker a, m.

,
shower
(
English
rocker).

A representative of a group of young people who oppose themselves to society with peculiar behavior, which is expressed in appearance (leather jackets, dark glasses, a special haircut, etc.) and in reckless riding of motorcycles (chiefly
at
night).
Rocker
- relating to a rocker, rockers.
|| Wed.
biker
a, m.
,
shower.
(
eng.
rocker
rock - see rock).
2.

Performer of
rock
.
3.
A fan of such musical works.

Explanatory dictionary of foreign words by L. P. Krysin. - M: Russian language, 1998.
Synonyms
:

See what “ROCKER” is in other dictionaries:

Rocker, metalhead Dictionary of Russian synonyms. rocker noun, number of synonyms: 6 alternative (3) ... Dictionary of synonyms

ROCKER, huh, husband. A member of a youth group, members of the group on motorcycles or cars violate traffic rules and norms of behavior on city streets. | adj. rocker, oh, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

1) a rocker arm that pushes the valve in the form of a lever, converting the rotational movement of the camshaft into reciprocating movement of the valve; 2) a man on a motorcycle (the same as a biker). EdwART. Dictionary of automotive jargon, 2009 ... Automotive dictionary

rocker

- ROCKER, a, m. 1. Rock musician; rock music lover. 2. Teenage motorcyclist... Dictionary of Russian argot

rocker

- rocker, plural rockers, rockers and in common parlance rockers, rockers... Dictionary of pronunciation difficulties and stress in modern Russian

Rudolf Rocker (March 25, 1873, Mainz September 19, 1958, New York) leader of the anarcho-syndicalist movement. Biography Born into the family of lithographer Georg Philipp Rocker, who died four years after the birth of Rudolf. The family succeeded... Wikipedia

I m. see rockers 2. II m. decl. 1. Performer, and often author of works in the style of rock music. 2. A lover of such works. III m. Someone who is into rock and roll; rock n roller. Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. T. F. Efremova ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova

rocker

- r oker, a... Russian spelling dictionary

Books

My Village Rock, Ingvar Korotkov. The definition, popular in our time, “a talented person is talented in everything” can be fully attributed to Ingvar Korotkov. He is a rocker, and a biker, and a successful fashion designer, but more and more...
Wilhelm the cat, Funtik the dog and their personal Rocker. Chronicles of animal passions. Book one, Ingvar Korotkov. Short funny stories from Roker's point of view - about crazy cats, unbridled seagulls, thoughtful cows, his faithful companion Scotch terrier Funtik, confused turtles - that is, the usual...

The story stretches back to the early 50s and everything, oddly enough, came from motorcycles. The word rocker for many was an insult, a curse, but then people began to call themselves that and it all turned into a whole subculture.

Start

The word rockers, initially, served to define British youth in Britain in the sixties of the last century, who allowed themselves to very irreverently ride along the roads on motorcycles.

Rockers appeared as a subculture in the fifties and early sixties during the era of rock and roll, representatives of the music and style of which were Chuck Barry, early Elvis Presley, Gene Vincent and others. However, the first rockers were united by only one principle - the manner of riding a motorcycle, and only then the concept of style appeared. Highways and roadside cafes became favorite places for rockers. They ignored gatherings in expensive English pubs. This is understandable - it is better to spend money on gasoline than to pay an extra pound for another beer. Although the rocker subculture did not reject alcohol, many, let’s say, even liked it.

Time does not stand still

In our era of electronic music, it is difficult to imagine what a “boom” for rock music was, but there was one. The Beatles made a real breakthrough in rock music. Already in the early years they represented a fundamentally new phenomenon in world music, and in rock music in particular. They combined extraordinary musical fruitfulness and a fundamentally new image.

The Rolling Stones forever inscribed their name in the history of rock music. Their image was much more aggressive and “dirty” than that of The Beatles. The sound and issues addressed in the songs also demonstrated a new approach to music.

The image of a rocker in the 70-80s

How did the rockers change? No, their clothing style has remained approximately unchanged for more than 40 years. These are black jeans tucked into high boots, a leather jacket with a crooked zipper (leather jacket), long hair, and often a bandana on the head. Of course, to say that all rockers look exactly like this is wrong. There are many variations of clothing. For example, those over 25 years old who are engaged in serious work are, as a rule, peaceful, although sometimes they can misbehave with those who are younger. Often such people wear classic suits, but understand music better than any rocker.

Another side of rocker culture is the abuse of alcohol, drugs, and cigarettes.

Rock in the USSR

Due to the fact that there was almost no fashion from the West in the USSR, Soviet youth could not ride motorcycles, and it was almost impossible to get some kind of rocker paraphernalia. However, in our country, already at that time, groups that are now associated with the legends of Russian rock began their activities. Viktor Tsoi (“Kino”), Yuri Shevchuk (“DDT”), Konstantin Kinchev (“Alice”), Vyacheslav Butusov, Andrey Makarevich and others. Russian rock is a separate concept that has no analogues, but is very respected in the rest of the world.

Modernity

Now in our country there are no restrictions and everyone can afford to play rock music, as they say, without leaving the box office. Getting a biker jacket is not a problem now. But the trouble is that the “boom” for this music has long passed. Nowadays very few young people are interested in this kind of music. Nevertheless, they exist and the term “rock will live forever” has not yet been destroyed.

"Drive, freedom, rock and roll!" - this is the motto of those who consider themselves rockers. This subculture originates from Great Britain in the late 50s. This was the name given to the young people who fearlessly roamed the prim streets of London. The guys were first united by their love of driving fast, and then by their shared passion for rock and roll. After all, it was then that this style of music gained momentum thanks to such “seasoned” musicians as Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Gene Vincent, Eddie Cochran, Bo Diddley and others.

As for the countries of the former socialist camp, one of the main attributes - a motorcycle - was not at all mandatory. An ordinary Soviet student could only dream of buying this vehicle of the same class as that of English youth, admiring a glossy photograph in a magazine. Therefore, in our country, rockers considered themselves those who only had a favor for rock music.

However, this lifestyle could not help but influence the style of clothing.

How do rockers dress?

The style of adherents of this subculture is dominated by brutality, which is achieved by using denim and leather. At the same time, the rocker's style of dressing is dictated, first of all, by convenience and practicality. For example, a leather motorcycle jacket, or as it was dubbed a “biker jacket,” is a mandatory attribute of a rocker’s suit. It not only looks stylish, but also protects from the wind when riding fast and damage from minor accidents. It is generously decorated with rivets, spikes, pins, chains and stripes. Rockers prefer a motorcycle helmet, a leather cap, and a bandana. A silk scarf serves not only as decoration, but also to protect the face from the oncoming cold wind. Every self-respecting rocker's wardrobe includes leather trousers or jeans. Many of them wear branded Levi's. The footwear for representatives of this subculture are the so-called “Cossacks” - boots and shoes with their toes raised up, heavy “grinders” boots, sneakers and sneakers. Rockers are no strangers to decorating their bodies with accessories, most often made of white metals and leather - rings, chains, bracelets, wristbands, belts with various Celtic symbols and images of animals.

Rocker hairstyles

Typically, men prefer long hair, loose or in a ponytail. Short haircuts for rockers are also popular, in which hair of different lengths is styled in “spines”, mohawks, backcombs, or simply raised up with cosmetics.

Maintenance and typical faults of rockers

Rockers do not require frequent maintenance. It is quite enough if, when carrying out service work on other elements of the timing mechanism, their current condition is assessed - the absence of visible mechanical damage and signs of critical wear. If no problems are identified, then they can be used further. But only after thorough cleaning of contaminants.

Rocker failures, although they do not occur very often, can lead to serious problems with other engine components. For example, a broken rocker arm can lead to the failure of the corresponding valve. A sign of a breakdown may be a drop in engine power during normal operation and the appearance of a characteristic knocking sound in the cylinder head.

If you need to install new rockers, you need to select them only according to the original catalog and VIN code. No other catalogs will be suitable, as they cannot guarantee applicability. If buying original rockers seems like an expensive pleasure to you, then when you search by original article number, the system will offer you a set of analogues of various price categories.

However, this lifestyle could not help but influence the style of clothing.

How do rockers dress?

Rocker hairstyles

Rocker lifestyle

Possessing a single hobby - riding a motorcycle - rockers often created small musical groups. A philosophical view of the imperfection of the world was reflected in the music of the rockers and the lyrics of their songs, which sometimes contained protest, appeal and even rebellion. Despite this, rockers are distinguished by their erudition, positive attitude towards others and lack of aggression towards other youth movements. Unfortunately, many representatives of this lifestyle abuse smoking, alcohol and drugs.

The so-called rocker sign appeared and took root - the “goat” - a gesture in the form of the index finger and little finger pointed up and the rest pressed to the palm. This is how at rock concerts people expressed solidarity and unity with the performers on stage.

Over time, the rocker subculture divided into separate types, and new rock styles appeared, from “light” (pop rock, Britpop) to “heavy” (heavy metal, punk rock). Motorcycle enthusiasts created the biker culture. In our country, the so-called Russian rock has developed, whose representatives include the groups “Alice”, “DDT”, “Kino”, “Nautilus Pompilius”, “Time Machine”, etc.

Today, modern rockers mean fans and performers of rock music.

But how to become a rocker? It’s not enough to wear a leather jacket, heavy boots, a T-shirt with the image of your favorite band, grow long hair, put on wristbands - the appearance will not be enough. After all, being a rocker means having a special worldview. And for this it is not necessary to stand out with external attributes: many rock fans prefer casual clothing and choose ordinary professions.

Rocker device.

Operating principle of valve rocker arms.

Common breakdowns.

Since during operation the rocker striker and the rocker itself are subjected to various thermal and mechanical loads, this, in turn, leads to their damage and wear.

Rockers, or valve rockers, are part of the timing mechanism parts of some automobile engines, most often of the so-called classic design. In modern engines, after the final transition to overhead positioning, rockers are rare. Typically, their use may be caused by a deviation from the standard design of the valve mechanism, for example, to reduce the size of the engine. In other words, the engine bay can be so small that engineers have to change the layout of engine parts to make the resulting unit fit into the given space.

Forged sports engine parts are stronger than conventional ones, since during forging the metal structure is strengthened from mechanical stress