Engine flywheel

Not to be confused with Mosswort.

Flywheel A flywheel with spherical weights, built according to the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci.
Still from the video.
Flywheel

(
flywheel
) - a massive rotating wheel used as a storage device (inertial accumulator) of kinetic energy or to create an inertial moment as is used on spacecraft.

Usage

Used in machines that have an uneven supply or use of energy, storing energy when the energy supply is higher than the consumption, and releasing it when the consumption exceeds the energy supply. Also used in a hybrid engine as energy storage and for regenerative braking.

Often the function of a flywheel is performed by a massive rotating element of the mechanism. Such as a potter's wheel, massive watermill wheels or massive gear wheels.

In addition to energy, a rotating flywheel (like any rotating body) also has angular momentum, which is associated with the observation of the gyroscopic effect, which consists in the precession of the rotation axis around its original direction when an external force appears that does not coincide with the direction of the rotation axis.

The first example of the use of the gyroscopic effect can be considered the invention of the spinning top (yo-yo).

One of the first applications of the gyroscopic effect was the transition from firing round cannonballs to oblong projectiles, the rotation of which made it possible to maintain their orientation in space, and the oblong shape significantly increased their mass (blank) or explosive charge.

The flywheel is also the rotor of the gyroscope, used in gyrocompasses and in general in gyroscopic devices for orientation in space, in particular torpedoes (Aubrey device), rockets and spacecraft. The most common examples of a flywheel are a bicycle wheel or the rotating disk of an electric vinyl record player.

The ability of the flywheel to maintain the direction of the axis of rotation is used in ship stabilizers.

In everyday life, the flywheel is most often used in cars: any piston engine is equipped with a flywheel, often combining functions as part of the clutch and starting system (flywheels are equipped with a ring gear to transmit torque from the starter). In addition to bringing the crank mechanism out of its dead center, the flywheel in the engine reduces the unevenness of rotation to an acceptable level, which increases the service life of the transmission (the remaining unevenness is damped by the clutch disk springs or the automatic transmission clutch, then by torus rubber and viscous couplings).

Flywheel: what is it and what is it for?

Schematic representation of the flywheel on the crankshaft: 1 - crankshaft; 2 — flywheel with toothed ring; 3 — connecting rod journal; 4 - molar neck; 5 - counterweight

The flywheel is a disc-like device that attaches to the back of the crankshaft.

The flywheel has a fairly significant mass and, accordingly, is capable, according to the laws of physics, of accumulating and releasing kinetic energy. It is thanks to this property that these components are used in modern internal combustion engines as structures that smooth out uneven rotation of the crankshaft. During periods of the piston's working stroke, flywheels accumulate torque energy, and when the pistons are in the so-called “dead spots”, they remove these parts from them, releasing energy.

It should be noted that the more cylinders an internal combustion engine is equipped with, the more uniform torque it has. Consequently, such internal combustion engines can use lighter flywheels than those engines that have a small number of cylinders.

Another important function of flywheels in internal combustion engines is the transmission of torque to the crankshaft from the starter. A toothed steel rim, called a crown, is mounted on the outer circumference of this unit. It meshes with a shaft coming from the starter and having a gear. When the driver turns on the ignition, the starter turns this shaft, and it, in turn, turns the flywheel, which drives the crankshaft. It is thanks to this that the engine starts.

In addition, flywheels play an important role in the transmission of modern cars, playing the role of driving clutch discs. Thus, it is thanks to them that the torque of the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine is transmitted to the gearbox, and from them it is transmitted to the drive wheels.

Physics

The kinetic energy of rotation accumulated in a rotating body (flywheel) can be calculated by the formula:

Flywheel of a factory stationary steam engine E = 1 2 I ω 2 {\displaystyle E={\frac {1}{2}}I\omega ^{2}}

Where:

I {\displaystyle I} - moment of inertia of the mass relative to the axis of rotation of the flywheel
ω {\displaystyle \omega } (omega)
- angular velocity in radians per second

For simple flywheel shapes, finite expressions for the moment of inertia are known

For a hollow cylinder I = 1 2 m ( r 2 + ro 2 ) {\displaystyle I={\frac {1}{2}}m(r^{2}+r_{o}^{2})} where m {\displaystyle m} is the mass of the hollow cylinder; r {\displaystyle r} is its radius; ro {\displaystyle r_{o}} — internal radius of the cylinder
For a thin-walled cylinder I = mr 2 {\displaystyle I=mr^{2}}
For a solid cylinder I = 1 2 mr 2 {\displaystyle I={\frac {1}{2}}mr^{2}}

By replacing the angular velocity ω {\displaystyle \omega } in the formula for a hollow cylinder with the rotation frequency f {\displaystyle f} according to the formula

ω = 2 π f {\displaystyle \omega =2\pi f}

we get

E = m ( π f ) 2 ( r 2 + ro 2 ) {\displaystyle E=m(\pi f)^{2}(r^{2}+r_{o}^{2})}

Flywheel

Flywheel, a massive round part installed on the drive shaft of a machine to reduce the unevenness of its rotation during steady motion. A wheel is a wheel with a heavy rim connected to the hub by straight spokes or a solid disk. Often the m. also performs the function of a pulley or clutch disk (See Clutch). The steady motion of most machines is characterized by periodic fluctuations in the angular velocity of the drive shaft. This is due, on the one hand, to the design features of the machine, for example, the presence of a crank-slider mechanism in the kinematic chain, and on the other hand, to periodic changes in the relationship between driving forces and resistance forces, for example, during idle and working strokes. By accumulating kinetic energy during acceleration and releasing it during deceleration, the machine reduces the unevenness of shaft rotation to a value acceptable under the conditions of normal operation of the machine. In inertial motors, the accumulated magnetic energy is used to drive a machine, for example, in the Zhirobus. M. are usually made cast from gray cast iron; at speeds above 30-35 m/sec, from steel.

Lit.: Artobolevsky I. I., Theory of Mechanisms, 2nd ed., M., 1967.

Source: Great Soviet Encyclopedia on Gufo.me

Meanings in other dictionaries

Flywheel - A massive wheel attached to one of the rotating shafts of a machine to regulate its movement. Each rotating shaft of a machine (e.g. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
FLYWHEEL - FLYWHEEL (flywheel) is a wheel with a massive rim mounted on the shaft of the engine (machine). Used as an inertial accumulator of mechanical energy to reduce the uneven rotation of shafts of compressors, pumps, etc. Large encyclopedic dictionary
flywheel - noun, number of synonyms: 7 big guy 42 wheel 31 fist 25 flywheel 1 hand 49 strongman 27 super flywheel 1 Russian synonym dictionary
flywheel - Iskon. Suf. derivative of flywheel (wheel), cf. draft, rug. See wave. Shansky Etymological Dictionary
flywheel - Mach/ov/ik/ (wheel). Morphemic-spelling dictionary
flywheel - orf. flywheel, -a (wheel) Lopatin's spelling dictionary
flywheel - Flywheel, flywheels, flywheel, flywheels, flywheel, flywheels, flywheel, flywheels, flywheel, flywheels, flywheel, flywheels Zaliznyak's Grammar Dictionary
flywheel - flywheel m. Flywheel. Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
flywheel - FLYWHEEL -a; m. Techn. Flywheel. M. engine. Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary
flywheel - -a, m. tech. Flywheel. The huge flywheel [of the engine] was spinning madly, and the concrete platform was shuddering nervously. N. Ostrovsky, How the steel was tempered. Small academic dictionary
flywheel - See wave Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
flywheel - FLYWHEEL, -a, m. 1. Strong man. 2. Hand, fist (usually large). flywheel with three heads. Explanatory dictionary of Russian argot
FLYWHEEL - A FLYWHEEL, a massive, solid wheel with a heavy rim. Drives rotation from the drive shaft of the machine to smooth out sharp fluctuations in the speed of this shaft when changing speed due to the accumulated kinetic energy. Scientific and technical dictionary
flywheel - Derived from the phrase flywheel. Krylov's etymological dictionary
flywheel - FLYWHEEL, flywheel, man. (those.). Flywheel. Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
flywheel - FLYWHEEL, a, m. Same as flywheel. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

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Story

The flywheel effect has been used since ancient times. For example, in a potter's wheel, windmills. Probably one of the oldest examples of the use of a flywheel was an archaeological find from Mesopotamia (near the city) - a pottery machine with a disk of baked clay, about a meter in diameter and weighing at least a hundredweight. Similar inventions have repeatedly appeared in China.[1]

Flywheel from an old factory

According to the American medievalist Lynn White, the German monk Theophilus mentions in his treatise On the Various Arts several machines that use a flywheel.[2]

During the Industrial Revolution, James Watt used a flywheel in a steam engine to smooth out motion and overcome piston dead ends[3], and his contemporary James Pickard used a flywheel in combination with a crank mechanism to convert reciprocating motion into rotational motion[4].

In the 20-30s of the 20th century, the Soviet inventor A. G. Ufimtsev was the first in the world [5] to use an inertial battery at the first wind power plant in Russia, which he built in Kursk.

The use of the flywheel as an energy accumulator is limited by the fact that when the permissible peripheral speed is exceeded, the flywheel ruptures, leading to great destruction. This forces the creation of flywheels with a very large margin of safety, which leads to a decrease in their efficiency.

The consequence of this is low (compared to other types of batteries) specific energy intensity.

Example

The limiting value of the angular velocity of the flywheel ω {\displaystyle \omega } is determined by the tensile strength of the flywheel material. It is easy to show that for a flywheel in the form of a rotating disk 1 2 I ω 2 = V 4 S max {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}I\omega ^{2}={\frac {V}{4} }S_{max}} , where S max {\displaystyle S_{max}} is the tensile strength of the flywheel material (tear force per unit area), V {\displaystyle V} is the volume of the disk. For fused quartz S max = 3 × 10 9 {\displaystyle S_{max}=3\times 10^{9}} N/m2. The energy intensity of a fused quartz flywheel with a volume of 0.1 m3 and a weight of 200 kg will be equal to the energy intensity of 13 liters of gasoline[6].

Using[ | ]

Used in machines that have an uneven supply or use of energy, storing energy when the energy supply is higher than the consumption, and releasing it when the consumption exceeds the energy supply. Also used in hybrid engines as energy storage and for regenerative braking, gyrobuses.

Often the function of a flywheel is performed by a massive rotating element of the mechanism. Such as a potter's wheel, massive watermill wheels or massive gear wheels.

The first example of the use of the gyroscopic effect can be considered the invention of the spinning top (yo-yo).

One of the first applications of the gyroscopic effect was the transition in the 19th century from firing round cannonballs to oblong projectiles, the rotation of which made it possible to maintain their orientation in space, and the oblong shape significantly increased their mass (blank) or explosive charge with equal aerodynamic resistance.

The ability of the flywheel to maintain the direction of the axis of rotation is used in ship stabilizers.

In everyday life, the flywheel is most often used in cars: any piston engine is equipped with a flywheel, often combining functions as part of the clutch and starting system (flywheels are equipped with a ring gear to transmit torque from the starter). In addition to bringing the crank mechanism out of the dead center, the flywheel in the engine reduces the unevenness of rotation to an acceptable level, which increases the service life of the transmission (the remaining unevenness is damped by the torsional vibration damper springs or the automatic transmission clutch, then by torus rubber and viscous couplings).

Super flywheel

Main article: Superflywheel

In May 1964, N.V. Gulia filed an application for the invention of a super flywheel - an energy-intensive and explosion-proof flywheel. Unlike a classic monolithic flywheel, a super flywheel is wound from thin tape, wire or synthetic fibers, which have significantly greater specific strength than a monolithic part (casting or forging), therefore the energy intensity of such a flywheel is much higher (according to the inventor, up to 1.8 MJ /kg). In addition, if the super flywheel ruptures, no large fragments are formed: the ends of the torn tape or fibers begin to brake against the casing, and the flywheel gradually stops.

WHAT IS A DUAL MASS FLYWHEEL?

A dual-mass (or damper, double-disc, two-section) flywheel is located between the clutch and the engine itself. It consists of two buildings. One of the housings has a starter ring installed, which is attached to the crankshaft. The other is the clutch assembly. The two housings are connected to each other using special plain bearings. But besides this, they also rotate relative to each other. There is a spring damping mechanism between them. A special lubricant (grease) that fills the internal volume of the flywheel makes the operation of the spring packages continuous. To prevent the springs from blocking, the bags are separated by a plastic separator.

The dual-mass flywheel is distinguished by a stepwise system of action of spring packages with unequal rigidity: The operation of the first stage is carried out using soft springs. This system makes the engine run flawlessly, smoothly and efficiently, regardless of whether it is running or not.

But the work of the second stage is already carried out using rigid springs. This system helps to achieve optimal damping of rotational vibrations during normal driving.

Notes

Rodionov V. G.
Optimization of the structure of generating capacities. Batteries – energy storage devices // Energy: problems of the present and opportunities for the future. - M.: ENAS, 2010. - P. 65. - 352 p. — ISBN 978-5-4248-0002-3.
Lynn White, Jr., "Theophilus Redivivus", Technology and Culture, Vol. 5, No. 2. (Spring, 1964), Review, pp. 224—233 (233)
Ella Tsygankova
At the origins of design
Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution, 1750–2007: Steam Engine Archived October 6, 2008 on the Wayback Machine
Wind power station
- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
Orir J
Physics. Volume 1. - M., Mir, 1981. - p. 167

WHAT CAUSES DUAL MASS FLYWHEEL FAILURE

According to professionals, the low service life of a dual-mass flywheel is caused by improper operation of personal vehicles. Drivers whose cars have, for example, diesel engines, try to drive at low speeds, which are almost equal to idle. Due to such driving, the rotational vibrations of the crankshaft are very high, which is what leads to rapid wear of the dual-mass flywheel springs.

In addition, it is recommended to turn off the engine (to increase the life of the flywheel and clutch to it) by squeezing the clutch pedal.