Interior volume measurement sensor in car alarms - what is it, pros and cons (1 photo)

Sensor

- a measuring instrument designed to generate a signal of measuring information in a form convenient for transmission, further conversion, processing and (or) storage, but not amenable to direct perception by an observer [1].
Sensors made using electronic technology are called electronic sensors
. A single sensor can be designed to measure (monitor) and convert one physical quantity or several physical quantities simultaneously.

The sensor consists of sensitive and converting elements. The main characteristics of electronic sensors are sensitivity and accuracy.

Sensors are widely used in research, testing, quality control, telemetry, automated control systems and other applications and systems that require measurement information.

General information

Sensors are an element of technical systems designed for measurement, signaling, regulation, control of devices or processes. Sensors convert the controlled quantity (pressure, temperature, flow, concentration, frequency, speed, movement, voltage, electric current, etc.) into a signal (electrical, optical, pneumatic), convenient for measurement, transmission, conversion, storage and recording information about the state of the measurement object.

Historically and logically, sensors are associated with measurement technology and measuring instruments, for example thermometers, flow meters, barometers, attitude indicator, etc. The general term is sensor

strengthened in connection with the development of automatic control systems, as an element of the generalized logical concept of sensor - control device - actuator - control object. As a separate category of the use of sensors in automatic systems for recording parameters, we can highlight their use in systems of scientific research and experiments.

Conclusion

According to the design features of the engine, power units are equipped with a large number of sensors that affect engine starting. The indicators that influence the start of the power unit include: fuel quality, detonation, crankshaft, phases, throttle position of the idle speed control, mass flow of air, oxygen and coolant temperature.

Thus, the output of one or more indicators can radically affect the starting and operation of the engine.

Sensor Definitions

The following definitions are widely used:

• a sensitive element, a receiver that converts environmental parameters into a signal suitable for technical use, usually electrical, although perhaps of a different nature, for example, a pneumatic signal;
• a complete product based on the above element, including, depending on the need, devices for signal amplification, linearization, calibration, analog-to-digital conversion and interface for integration into control systems. In this case, the sensitive element of the sensor itself can be called a sensor
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• A sensor is a part of a measuring or control system, which is a constructive set of measuring transducers, including a converter of the type of signal energy, located in the area of ​​influence of the influencing factors of the object and receiving naturally encoded information from this object.
• sensor - a structurally isolated part of the measuring system, containing one or more primary transducers, as well as one or more intermediate transducers.

These definitions are consistent with sensor manufacturers' usage of the term. In the first case, the sensor is a small, usually monolithic, electronic device, for example, a thermistor, photodiode, etc., which is used to create more complex electronic devices. In the second case, it is a device that is complete in its functionality, connected via one of the well-known interfaces to an automatic control or registration system. For example, photodiodes in matrices (photos), etc. In the third and fourth definitions, the emphasis is on the fact that the sensor is a structurally separate part of the measuring system that perceives information, and, therefore, has self-sufficiency for performing this task and certain metrological characteristics.

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Over the course of operation, the components and mechanisms of the car wear out and problems with starting the engine increasingly arise. The reasons why the power unit does not start can be different, and it is sometimes difficult to identify them immediately. But you should at least know the main causes of problems with starting the VAZ 2107. This will make it possible to personally detect the breakdown and try to fix it on your own, without stopping at a service station.

The engine does not start: reasons

Problems with starting the engine can be divided into two groups. One is related to the formation of a spark, the second is related to the fuel supply. If the engine does not start, then the problem must be looked for in one of the systems:

When starting is difficult, symptoms appear that help determine where the problem is and perform necessary repairs. Therefore, understanding your “iron horse”, you should know possible problems and be able to fix them.

Weak or no spark

First of all, if there are problems with the spark, you need to check the condition of the spark plugs and their performance. Diagnostics can be performed even while on the road.

To check, we unscrew the spark plugs from their seats one by one, place them on ground and look for a spark as the starter rotates. If there is no spark, we replace the problematic spark plug with a new one, first checking its performance. We screw the product into the spark plug well. When inspecting the spark plug, you should pay attention to the degree of soot. If it is significant, it leads to weak sparking. In this case, you can try to remove the carbon deposits.

There may be no spark for another reason. Next we check the high voltage (HV) wires. If there is no sparking on any of the cylinders, replace the problematic wire with the wire on the other cylinder. If a spark appears on a faulty cylinder, but disappears on another, then the reason is in the explosive. The faulty wire should be replaced. Usually spark plug wires are replaced as a set.

Application of sensors

Sensors are used in many sectors of the economy - mining and processing of minerals, industrial production, transport, communications, logistics, construction, agriculture, healthcare, science and other industries - currently being an integral part of technical devices.

Recently, due to the reduction in cost of electronic systems, sensors with complex signal processing, the ability to configure and regulate parameters, and a standard control system interface are increasingly being used. There is a certain tendency to broaden the interpretation and transfer of this term to measuring instruments that appeared much earlier than the mass use of sensors, and also, by analogy, to objects of a different nature, for example, biological ones.

Sensors in their purpose and technical implementation are close to the concept of “measuring instrument” (“measuring device”). However, instrument readings are usually perceived by humans directly (through displays, scoreboards, panels, light and sound signals, etc.), while sensor readings require conversion into a form in which measurement information can be perceived by humans. Sensors can be part of measuring instruments, providing a measurement of a physical quantity, the results of which are then converted for perception by the operator of the measuring instrument.

In automated control systems, sensors can act as initiating devices, driving equipment, valves and software. Sensor readings in such systems are usually recorded on a storage device for monitoring, processing, analysis and output to a display or printing device. Sensors are of great importance in robotics, where they act as receptors through which robots and other automatic devices receive information from the outside world and their internal organs.

In everyday life, sensors are used in thermostats, switches, thermometers, barometers, smartphones, dishwashers, stoves, toasters, irons and other household appliances.

What affects the starting of a gasoline engine?

Confident engine starting in cold weather depends on many factors. Today we will look at several ways to confidently start your engine in winter.

What affects the starting of a gasoline engine?

The operating principle of the engine has not changed since the construction of the first car. It is still necessary to have something to ignite and something to ignite the working mixture in the cylinders. Only the ways of ensuring this process have changed.

Let us list the main factors influencing the reliable start of the engine in winter.

• High quality fuel. The octane number of gasoline must correspond to the design of the engine, and the volatility (more precisely, the saturated vapor pressure) must correspond to the season. Diesel fuel should also be winter grade.
• Marking of engine oil according to the instructions for the car. Too thick makes it difficult for the starter to rotate the crankshaft, and it is also poorly pumped, accelerating engine wear.
• Fuel system condition. Filters must be changed on time. If you fill in with low-quality gasoline, varnish deposits appear on the injectors (or carburetor), which interfere with the correct formation of the fuel-air mixture. Instead of spraying in the form of a torch, the injector begins to pour fuel in a stream, and it does not have time to evaporate. Wear or misadjustment of the diesel injection pump will also make starting difficult.
• Serviceability of the engine control system. A faulty temperature sensor or idle air regulator, which somehow managed in the summer, will prevent the engine from starting in the winter. The “hedgehog” made of sawdust on the crankshaft position sensor also does not contribute to a confident start in cold weather.
• Electrical part. Oxidated battery terminals, an old battery, and cracked wires make it difficult for the starter to turn. One day, the speed may not be enough to start the engine in winter.
• Ignition system. The spark plugs must match the engine model (the markings and the gap between the electrodes can be found in the instructions). High-voltage wires and coils should not have cracks or scratches on the surface. All glow plugs in a diesel engine must work properly.

Usually, difficult starting indicates a careless attitude towards technology in general.

As you can see, it’s difficult to single out the only reason why the car won’t start in the cold. But what to do if the car won’t start, but you need to drive? The best option is to use a taxi.

How to start a car 100% in winter

The worst case scenario is to frantically crank the starter until the battery runs out. Then ask for a “light” and try to start the “flooded” engine until the starter breaks down. After that, start starting it with a tug. The result may be a damaged expensive converter, an exploded muffler, or an intake manifold.

Therefore, even before the onset of cold weather, let’s prepare for winter:

• If the time is right, we will change the oil, filters and spark plugs;
• Let's clean the battery terminals, check it with a load fork;
• We will buy a cylinder of “quick start” ether in advance;
• We will choose high-quality wires for lighting.

Let’s make it a rule in the evening, 10 minutes before the end of the trip, to turn off the heated windows, powerful audio system, and excess lights. This will help the battery store a little more electricity.

In order not to harm the car during an emergency start, we use simple rules.

• Do not panic, use the starter for a maximum of five seconds. Try to start again after at least 2-3 minutes.
• If after two or three manipulations the engine does not start, we will ask an experienced neighbor to “give me a light” to support the battery. Let's try 2 more times.
• The engine is silent - we spray ether into the inlet pipe. This must be done carefully, after consulting with a specialist. They will show you where to spray so as not to damage the sensors. Let's try two more times.
• If we fail again, we leave to warm up and return to the car an hour later to repeat the procedures. If the result is disappointing, call a mechanic we know or a special service.

In this article, we kept silent about the methods of calcining spark plugs, pouring boiling water over the manifold, replacing temperature sensors with resistors, reading readings through the diagnostic connector - only the most experienced car enthusiasts can do this. Therefore, in order to start a car 100% in winter, you need to keep it in good condition.

Modern cars are designed for use at temperatures down to -25 degrees and start confidently in such frosts.

If frost finds you outside the city, and there is nowhere to wait for help, go out into the yard every 4 hours and warm up the car to operating temperature. Or entrust this work to an alarm system with auto start. In calm weather, a car blanket will help keep you warm. If your security system model does not have autostart, and you are confident in safety, leave the engine running overnight. Then in the morning you are guaranteed to be able to leave on your own in any frost.

But remember! Exhaust gases are very toxic, so never leave a running engine in a closed garage or other area without ventilation.

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Sensor classification

By measurement method

• Active (generator)
• Passive (parametric)

By measured parameter

• Absolute pressure sensors
• overpressure
• rarefaction
• pressure-vacuum
• pressure difference
• hydrostatic pressure

According to the operating principle

• Fiber Optic
• Optical sensors (photosensors)
• Magnetoelectric sensor (Based on Hall effect)
• Piezoelectric sensor
• Strain gauge
• Capacitive sensor
• Potentiometric sensor
• Inductive sensor

By the nature of the output signal

• Discrete
• Analog
• Digital
• Pulse

By signal transmission medium

• Wired
• Wireless

By the number of input quantities

• One-dimensional
• Multidimensional

According to manufacturing technology

• Elemental
• Integral