What does ultrasound mean during pregnancy?

Tables for interpreting ultrasound in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy

Ultrasound is an opportunity to find out about the state of health of the child when he is in the womb.
During this study, the expectant mother hears her baby’s heart beating for the first time, sees his arms, legs, and face. If desired, the doctor can tell you the sex of the child.

After the procedure, the woman is given a conclusion, which contains quite a few different indicators. This is exactly what we will help you understand today.

articles:

• Ultrasound 1st trimester
• Ultrasound 2nd trimester
• Ultrasound in the 3rd trimester

Norms of ultrasound results for a pregnant woman in the first trimester

A pregnant woman undergoes her first ultrasound screening at 10-14 weeks of pregnancy. The main objective of this study is to find out whether this pregnancy is ectopic.

In addition, special attention is paid to the thickness of the collar area and the length of the nasal bone. The following indicators are considered within normal limits: up to 2.5 and 4.5 mm, respectively. Any deviations from the norm may be a reason to visit a geneticist, since this may indicate various defects in fetal development (Down, Patau, Edwards, Triploidy and Turner syndromes).

Also, during the first screening, the coccygeal-parietal size is assessed (the norm is 42-59 mm). However, if your readings are slightly different from normal, don't panic right away. Remember that your baby is growing every day, so the indicators at 12 and 14 weeks will differ significantly from each other.

Also during ultrasound the following are assessed:

• Baby's heart rate;
• Umbilical cord length;
• Condition of the placenta;
• Number of vessels in the umbilical cord;
• Placenta attachment site;
• Lack of cervical dilatation;
• Absence or presence of a yolk sac;
• The uterine appendages are examined for the presence of various anomalies, etc.

After the procedure is completed, the doctor will give you his conclusion, in which you will be able to see the following abbreviations:

• Coccygeal-parietal size - KTP;
• Amniotic index - AI;
• Bipariental size (between the temporal bones) – BPR or BRGP;
• Fronto-occipital size – LZR;
• The diameter of the fertilized egg is DPR.

Interpretation of ultrasound of the 2nd trimester at 20-24 weeks of pregnancy

A pregnant woman should undergo the second ultrasound screening at 20-24 weeks. This period was not chosen by chance - after all, your baby has already grown up, and all his vital systems have formed.

The main goal of this diagnosis is to identify whether the fetus has malformations of organs and systems, chromosomal pathologies.

If developmental abnormalities incompatible with life are detected, the doctor may recommend an abortion, if the timing still allows.

During the second ultrasound, the doctor examines the following indicators:

• Anatomy of all internal organs of the baby: heart, brain, lungs, kidneys, stomach;
• Heart rate;
• Correct structure of facial structures;
• Fetal weight is calculated using a special formula and compared with the first screening;
• Condition of amniotic fluid;
• Condition and maturity of the placenta;
• Gender of the child;
• Singleton or multiple pregnancy.

At the end of the procedure, the doctor will give you his opinion on the condition of the fetus, the presence or absence of malformations.

There you can see the following abbreviations:

• Abdominal circumference - coolant;
• Head circumference – OG;
• Fronto-occipital size – LZR;
• Cerebellum size – PM;
• Heart size – PC;
• Thigh length – DB;
• Shoulder length – DP;
• The diameter of the chest is DGrK.

Explanation of ultrasound screening in the 3rd trimester at 32-34 weeks of pregnancy

If the pregnancy proceeded normally, then the last ultrasound screening is carried out at 32-34 weeks.

During the procedure, the doctor will evaluate:

• all fetometric indicators (DB, DP, BPR, EG, coolant, etc.);
• the condition of all organs and the absence of malformations in them;
• fetal presentation (breech, cephalic, transverse, unstable, oblique);
• condition and place of attachment of the placenta;
• presence or absence of umbilical cord entanglement;
• well-being and activity of the baby.

In some cases, the doctor prescribes another ultrasound before childbirth - but this is the exception rather than the rule, because the baby’s condition can be assessed using cardiotocography.

Remember - the ultrasound must be deciphered by a doctor, taking into account a large number of different indicators: the condition of the pregnant woman, the characteristics of the parents, etc.

Each child is individual, so he may not meet all average indicators.

All information in the article is provided for educational purposes only. The website сolady.ru reminds you that you should never delay or ignore visiting a doctor!

Join us on the Yandex.Zen channel.

Source: https://www.colady.ru/tablicy-rasshifrovki-uzi-pri-beremennosti-chitaem-rezultaty-uzi-beremennoj-v-1-2-i-3-trimestrax.html

Coolant classification for cars

Modern automotive antifreeze consists of the following components:

• Ethylene glycol.
• Water.
• Additive package.

An aqueous solution of ethylene glycol also promotes corrosion, so an additive package is added to it. In addition to anti-corrosion agents, additives are added to antifreezes that improve resistance to cavitation and foam formation, as well as fluorescent additives and dyes.

Article on the topic: Autobuffers - benefit or harm?

Automotive antifreezes are divided into four groups based on the additives they contain.

1. Traditional.
2. Carboxylate.
3. Hybrid.
4. Lobridaceae.

What is fetal fetometry - a table of normal indicators by week of pregnancy

› Ultrasound during pregnancy

26.04.2019

Fetal fetometry is the determination of its size at different stages of pregnancy using ultrasound. Using this diagnostic method, it is possible to detect disturbances in the intrauterine development of a child in a timely manner.

What is fetometry

This is a completely safe diagnostic method for health at all stages of gestation. It is based on the use of ultrasonic waves that do not have negative consequences for the mother and unborn child.

Fetal fetometry does not cause pain or discomfort and does not violate the integrity of the skin and mucous membrane. You can do this an unlimited number of times.

Throughout the entire period of pregnancy, fetal fetometry is carried out three times, once for each trimester.

• In the 1st trimester, at 11-12 weeks, the expected date of birth of the child is determined. During the examination, it is extremely important to exclude chromosomal abnormalities and significant defects in the development of the fetus. Particular attention should be paid to CTR (coccygeal-parietal size) and OB (abdominal circumference). The thickness of the nuchal space and the length of the nasal bone are also measured.
• In the 2nd trimester, at 20-22 weeks, the absence of disturbances in intrauterine development is checked. The biparietal size of the head, CTE, head circumference (HC), abdomen, and fronto-occipital size are measured. With this study, you can already find out the sex of the child.
• In the 3rd trimester, at 32-33 weeks, the child’s well-being is checked, the circumference of the head and abdomen is measured. Additionally, an ultrasound diagnostic specialist determines the symmetry of the development of the limbs, weight, and height of the fetus. Using these indicators, the method of birth is chosen - naturally or by caesarean section. The second method is preferable for large fetuses, if the mother has a first pregnancy or a narrow pelvis.

Preparation and conduct of the study

Ultrasound and fetal fetometry are carried out in the same way. There are 2 options for the procedure:

• transvaginal, when the sensor in a special condom passes through the birth canal;
• transabdominal, when the study is carried out through the anterior abdominal wall, onto the skin of which a special gel is applied.

In the first case, no preliminary preparation is needed. In the second, if fetometry is performed in the early stages, the bladder should be full. To cleanse the skin of the gel that conducts ultrasonic waves, it is better to take a diaper or towel with you.

A must-watch video review on this topic:

What does the examination show?

The main fetometric indicators are:

• OB - girth or circumference of the abdomen. If the child's body weight is more than 4 kg, this indicator is not measured. By the circumference of the abdomen you can determine how formed the internal organs are.
• KTP - coccygeal-parietal size. This is the length of the fetal body excluding the size of the head. This indicator allows you to determine the exact duration of pregnancy.
• BPR - biparietal size, or head circumference. It is measured from one temple to another. With its help you can observe how the brain is formed.
• The fetal femur length (HL) is what allows us to determine the condition of the skeleton and problems with the joints.
• DHA - chest diameter. It only matters until the 23rd week of pregnancy.
• DBC is the length of the tibia.
• SDA is the sagittal diameter of the abdomen, that is, in the anteroposterior direction.
• MPM—interhemispheric size of the cerebellum. It is determined using a horizontal scan of the head at the level of the 4th ventricle of the brain.
• PVP, or estimated fetal body weight. To avoid errors in fetal fetometry, this value is calculated using various formulas. To determine PVP, some values ​​are needed - the height of the uterine fundus, abdominal circumference.

Additionally, read the article about what fetal TV is.

What is IAF on ultrasound during pregnancy?

The amniotic fluid index (AFI) allows you to determine the amount of amniotic fluid. It can be calculated objectively and subjectively.

• When using the objective method, the uterus is scanned in transverse and longitudinal sections and the volume of amniotic fluid is noted. A large volume of water in fetometry between the anterior wall of the abdomen and the fetus indicates polyhydramnios.
• When applying the subjective method, the uterus is conventionally divided into 4 quadrants and the maximum upper pocket in each of them is measured. From the addition of all values, the amniotic fluid index is obtained.

Fetal fetometry norms by week:

Deciphering fetal fetometry readings should be done exclusively by a gynecologist. The ultrasound doctor simply transmits to him the data obtained as a result of the study.

When calculating the gestational age by week using a calculator, you need to remember that the results obtained are only approximate and are based on standardized fetal fetometry tables.

Cost of the procedure

Fetal fetometry can be done free of charge in municipal health care institutions with a referral from a gynecologist and a compulsory medical insurance policy.

The price in commercial clinics will depend on the location, level of qualifications of specialists and overall rating. In Moscow, the cost of an examination ranges from 2800 to 5100 rubles. In St. Petersburg, the price of the procedure ranges from 1,500 to 3,900 rubles. In other regions, the cost of fetal fetometry ranges from 1000 to 3100 rubles.

When conducting research, it is important to remember that every child develops differently. Due to hereditary characteristics, fetometry results may differ from the average values. Some discrepancy in data does not mean either a delay or advance in development.

If you have experience undergoing fetometry, share it with other readers. Leave comments and tell your friends about the article on social networks. Health to you and your children.

What is fetal fetometry - table of normal indicators by week of pregnancy Link to main publication

Source: https://uziman.ru/pri-beremennosti/fetometriya-ploda

A little history

Corrosive deposits in the engine cooling system

The first internal combustion engines were cooled with air. But the more powerful and complex the motors became, the more difficult it was to organize the necessary heat removal using an air cooling system. A solution was found - liquid was used to cool the engines.

The first coolant (coolant) was water. Over many years of use, its main disadvantages have emerged:

• the need to drain from an idle engine at subzero temperatures;
• promoting corrosion.

In the twenties of the last century, chemistry came to the aid of engine designers. A mixture of ethylene glycol and water began to be used as a coolant. Pure ethylene glycol - a dihydric alcohol - freezes at a temperature of 13 degrees below zero, but when mixed with water (65% to 35%) it does not freeze until the temperature drops to minus 65 degrees Celsius. In this case, the antifreeze does not turn into ice, but remains a viscous mass that does not destroy engine parts.

How to decipher an ultrasound during pregnancy, what is BPD

Ultrasound examination in our time lifts the veil of the invisible. Parents have the opportunity to look at their child in the womb at least 3 times. Expectations and worries can prevent you from catching basic information about your baby’s health.

Interpretation of ultrasound during pregnancy carries information about the well-being of the child. Below we discuss in detail the main indicators of the baby’s development by trimester, including KTE, OG, VZRP and other additional values.

And also what is BDP on ultrasound during pregnancy?

General understanding of ultrasound examination

Ultrasound —

This is an ultrasound examination that allows you to determine the woman’s condition, confirm the fact of pregnancy and evaluate its course. During an ultrasound, the child’s well-being in the womb is assessed and developmental defects are excluded or confirmed. Based on the results of the study, a medical report is issued on the duration of pregnancy and the identified pathology.

Screening ultrasound is a mandatory, planned examination of the fetus during the periods:

• 10-12 weeks.
• 18-21 weeks.
• 32-34 weeks.

Selective ultrasound is a forced examination due to pregnancy defects. It is carried out at any time and with any frequency.

BPR is a biparietal indicator of the size of the fetal head, together with the LZR indicator, it helps to assess the development of the brain and nervous system, as well as their correspondence to the gestational age.

The ultrasound protocol is rich in unfamiliar terms; they will be encountered later in the article and their meaning:

Initial planned study, main indicators

The first screening procedure takes place at 12-14 weeks. An important indicator that attracts the attention of specialists is the collar zone.

The collar zone is the area between the tissues covering the cervical spine and the surface of the child’s skin. Its normal value is 2 mm at 12-14 weeks. Exceeding this indicator threatens pathologies in the development of the child.

Interpretation of fetal ultrasound can identify Down syndrome. An increased indicator of the collar zone in subsequent ultrasound examinations may indirectly support the diagnosis.

Down syndrome is also characterized by the following indicators: a slightly open mouth, enlarged space between the eyes, no bridge of the nose.

The final correct diagnosis is made after studying the chromosomes of a small part of the placenta.

The study of anatomical structures, such as the bones of the skull, the structure of the brain, the bladder, the structure of the bones, stomach, and spine makes it possible to exclude developmental defects.

The first ultrasound provides parents with the opportunity to visually see and hear the baby. The diagnosis notes the pulse rate. The normal rhythm for this period is considered to be 120-160 beats per minute. Significant discrepancies with the norm serve as a signal for defects in the development of the heart.

Interpretation of ultrasound during pregnancy, even at the initial stage, gives an idea of ​​the size of the child.

The standards of the DPR protocol, KTR, the size of the uterus indicate the unmistakable gestational age. The values ​​of the initial months are typical, so the embryonic period is set, i.e., the actual one. The period set by the obstetrician is relative, because it is calculated from the first day of menstruation.

*DGrK - chest diameter.

Second planned study, main indicators

The procedure is recommended at 18-21 weeks, it focuses on the normal physical development of the baby. The child’s skull, its integrity, the head region are thoroughly examined to determine the location of formations inside and outside, the hemispheres of the brain system and its other parts are examined. The procedure informs about pathologies: cleft lip, hydrocephalus, cleft palate.

The specialist does not ignore the baby’s spine to rule out a hernia or defects in the development of the spinal cord. The structure of the heart and lungs is studied in order to also exclude defects in their development.

During the second ultrasound during pregnancy, parents can already see the baby: the arms, legs, head, and facial expressions of the child are clearly visible. It is very interesting to watch an ultrasound examination in 3D mode; the baby appears as a fully formed baby, some parents even distinguish the facial features of their child.

In the second trimester, parents can find out the sex of the child.

During this period, such concepts as BPR, LZR, OG, VZRP appear in the protocols. For an explanation of these terms, see above. If these standards do not correspond to the gestational age, then intrauterine retention of the fetus occurs. This developmental defect is divided into symmetrical and asymmetrical forms.

If such deviations are detected, drug therapy is indicated, which carries the task of supplying all the necessary nutrients to the baby. The duration of therapy is about two weeks. Detected malnutrition may be a reason for hospitalization in a hospital under medical supervision.

*Ab - abdominal circumference

Third planned study, basic standards

The third trimester of pregnancy prepares the pregnant woman for the birth of her baby. On the part of the woman, her condition before childbirth is determined, and how it will take place. The child's readiness to leave the womb is determined. Ultrasound at 32-34 weeks allows you to assess the condition of the fetus, placenta and amniotic fluid, which is of great importance in preparing for childbirth.

The baby's insides are carefully examined in the 3rd screening study. The heart, its valves, kidneys, liver, and genitals are examined.

At the 3rd study, parents receive confirmation of the child’s gender. Cases when it is not possible to determine the sex of a child are very rare. By this period, the child should turn correctly in the womb; if this does not happen, there is an indication for a caesarean section.

Fetal growth retardation syndrome is often detected in recent months; its detection serves as a signal for complex therapy.

The condition of the placenta occupies an important place in the study: the distance from the internal os of the uterus is determined (normally 7 cm). Placenta previa occurs at a shorter distance. The maturity of the placenta is different at each stage of pregnancy.

By the 36th week, maturity reaches III degree, the thickness reaches 35-45 millimeters. Aging of the membrane, which occurs prematurely, leads to discomfort for the child. The occurrence of this fact requires intervention from specialists.

At 3 ultrasound, the fact of entanglement with the umbilical cord, if any, is determined.

Amniotic fluid serves as an indicator of the normal course of pregnancy. The AI ​​index is an assistant in this matter. A high indicator indicates polyhydramnios, a low indicator indicates oligohydramnios. These pathologies are often associated with fetoplacental insufficiency. An ultrasound can also reveal signs of intrauterine infection of the fetus.

The size of the uterus, its tone, length, diameter, and cervical canal must correspond to the norms at each stage of pregnancy. Screening studies focus on these parameters.

Preventive Awareness

Ultrasound examination today makes it possible to avoid many problems with the health of mother and child and to properly plan childbirth. This awareness can save lives. A competent specialist will tell you how to decipher an ultrasound. The article covers general terms and concepts, basic indicators that can be useful with a ready-made protocol.

Source: https://DrLady.ru/diagnostics/kak-rasshifrovat-uzi-pri-beremennosti-chto-takoe.html

Composition of automotive coolant

The first to appear were the so-called traditional or inorganic automotive coolants (IAT - Inorganic Acid Technology). From the name it follows that they use inorganic-based additives (silicates, nitrites, phosphates, etc.). Main disadvantages:

• short service life - 2 years or less;
• do not tolerate temperatures above 105°C;
• coats engine parts with an oxide film, which impairs heat dissipation.

This group of antifreezes includes the well-known TOSOL. Currently, the use of such antifreezes is declining.

The next group of automotive coolants is carboxylate . Their designation is OAT (Organic Acid Technology). GM was the first to introduce them. They use salts of carboxylic acids as additives. Such antifreezes form an oxide film only where a corrosion center has already formed, and this film is very thin - no thicker than 0.1 microns, which makes it possible to more effectively remove heat from engine parts. The service life of such coolants has increased to 5 years.

But carboxylate coolants also have their drawbacks: such a liquid does not resist cavitation processes well; in addition, salts of carboxylic acids turn out to be good plasticizers, as a result of which antifreezes of this type help soften rubber pipes, as well as silicone-containing gaskets.

To combat these phenomena, additives of inorganic origin began to be added to antifreeze again. This is how the next group of automotive coolants appeared - hybrid - Hybrid Organic Acid Technology (HOAT). Manufacturers in different parts of the world have different preferences among inorganic additives - in America they add nitrites, in Europe - silicates, in Asia - phosphates.

Article on the topic: What is a car nanowash

The development of coolant did not stop there. In the 21st century, a new group of automotive antifreezes appeared - the so-called low hybrids . The VAG concern became a pioneer in their use. Here, the very minimum of silicates is added to the package of organic additives. As a result, the replacement interval for such coolant can reach up to 500 thousand km.

True, Volkswagen subsequently abandoned the use of low-hybrid coolants in favor of liquids with the addition of glycerin in low concentrations. The motivation for this step back in the production of coolants is environmental requirements.

What is fetometry and why do you need to know the parameters of the fetus during pregnancy?

Fetal fetometry is a method of determining the size of the anatomical structures of the unborn baby using ultrasound. Diagnostic data is checked against standard indicators to find out whether the baby is developing correctly in the womb.

Routine ultrasound examinations are carried out three times: at 12, 20, and 32 weeks. The normal course of pregnancy gives reason to carry out fetometric diagnostics during the same period.

The procedure is carried out in two ways:

• transvaginally - a vaginal sensor is inserted into the vagina.
• transabdominal - the contents of the uterus are viewed through the external abdominal wall.

During the examination, the doctor takes measurements of the fetal organs on the monitor screen, then makes a diagnosis about the correct development and formation of individual organs.

Additionally, fetometric analysis is usually carried out in the following cases:

• the mother's condition is of concern to the gynecologist;
• there is a suspicion of a violation of intrauterine development of the fetus.

Key points of fetometric research

The key data of a fetometric study are the following indicators:

• DB - thigh length;
• BPR - biparietal size;
• DP - shoulder length;
• KTP - coccygeal-parietal size;
• DN - nasal bone length;
• LZR - fronto-occipital size;
• OG - head circumference;
• DG—tibia length;
• AB—abdominal circumference;
• TVP is the thickness of the collar space.

A decoding of the designations of the studied parameters is provided, since the fetometric data is written in the table in Latin.

the stages of ultrasound were presented by the 1st Medical Quarter of Crede Experto on Taganka.

Child's weight

By the 12th week, the baby’s body weight is normally only 19 g; by the middle of pregnancy, the baby will weigh about 345 g, and by the 32nd week - almost 2 kg.

If you promptly pay attention to the problem with the discrepancy between the fetal body weight and the standard, and take preventive measures, then it will be possible to correct the situation relatively easily.

The rate of weight gain is greatly influenced by genetic factors. The gynecologist makes sure that the dynamics are positive.

KTR (CRL, coccygeal-parietal size)

KTR (Latin analogue of CRL) means coccygeal-parietal size, that is, the height of the child. It is calculated from the crown to the end of the coccyx.

If this indicator differs slightly from the norm, then the fetus is not in danger. An increase in CTE over several weeks by the same value indicates that the fetus is relatively large in size.

BPD (BPD, biparietal and fronto-occipital head sizes)

The letters BPD indicate the width of the fetal head. This is the maximum distance between the parietal bones. The size can be determined by taking measurements along the smallest axis of the circle between the child's temples. BDP allows you to determine the exact duration of pregnancy.

The parameter of biparietal fetal head size (BSD) helps to identify developmental abnormalities already during the first trimester. The data obtained characterize the state of the fetal nervous system.

The LZR or fronto-occipital size is calculated between the most distant points of the forehead and the back of the head.

OG (chest circumference)

The volume of a child's chest is determined by calculating the diameter of its circumference. A size that does not correspond to the norm should not cause any particular concern; most likely, this is a genetic feature. Perhaps the baby will simply be born large. It is necessary to take into account the physical characteristics of the mother and father.

AB (abdominal circumference)

Abdominal circumference is measured at 20 and 32 weeks of pregnancy. The parameter is calculated along the line of the liver, stomach and umbilical vein.

When the difference in indicators exceeds the permissible norm, the doctor will diagnose intrauterine growth retardation.

However, to confirm it, the size of the coolant is calculated in relation to other parameters - the size of the head, femur, and BPR. If most indicators are normal, then this indicates a delay in the development of the asymmetric form.

DB (femur length)

If a discrepancy in the thigh length is detected, this also does not indicate the presence of pathology. Much depends on individual characteristics. For example, when the length of the femur and shin bones is longer than normal, it means that the parents of the unborn baby or other relatives have a long leg.

PMP (PVP)

PVP is the estimated body weight of the fetus. During an ultrasound examination, there is a possibility of an error in weight. To eliminate errors, this figure is calculated using various medical formulas.

Calculation methods:

• Zhordania (Lebedeva) - PMP = height of the uterine fundus × abdominal circumference.
• Bublichenko - PMP = 1/20 of a woman’s weight.
• Lankowitz - PMP = (height + maternal weight + abdominal circumference + uterine fundus height) × 10.
• Jones - PMP = (height of the uterine fundus - 11) × 155. The value 11 is a conditional coefficient for a pregnant woman weighing up to 90 kg.
• Yakubova - PMP = (abdominal circumference + uterine height) × 100/4.

Calculations are made after 38 weeks of pregnancy.

The Family TV channel presented a video about performing an ultrasound in the third trimester.

Fetal fetometry norms by week

Table of approximate norms of fetal development by week.

Tables of norms were created based on world average statistical data on pregnancy and fetal development.

The role of fetometry in assessing fetal development

The parameters and dimensions of the fetus obtained during fetometric analysis allow the doctor to more accurately determine:

• child health (for example, intrauterine growth retardation);
• mother's condition;
• date and outcome of the upcoming birth.

By changing the size of individual organs, the development of syndromes can be detected:

• Down;
• Patau;
• Edwards;
• Smith-Lemli-Opitz;
• Miller-Dicker;
• Williams;
• Angelman.

Is it possible to calculate the height and weight of a child based on ultrasound results?

The height and weight of the embryo is determined by first knowing the following indicators:

• obstetric gestational age;
• head size (BPR, LZR, OG);
• femur length;
• the circumference of the abdomen and chest.

Child height and weight calculator

You can calculate the weight and height of the fetus after an ultrasound examination using the main characteristics using an online calculator.

Recommendations for using antifreeze

The optimal ratio of antifreeze to water is 1:2, but it may be different depending on the geographical location of your home. To avoid reducing the effectiveness of coolant additives, it is recommended to use distilled or filtered water.

In the first days after filling the system with antifreeze, it is necessary to monitor the condition of the pipeline connecting nodes and tighten them if necessary. Reducing the size of rubber gaskets is due to the fact that the gaskets begin to occupy their original volume. As mentioned above, standard antifreeze cannot be used in pipelines and heating elements containing zinc. By the way, the modern heating equipment market offers modern types of non-freezing liquids that do not have this drawback.

To maximize the service life of ethylene glycol-based antifreeze, do not bring it to a boil (under normal conditions this is +106-+116ºС). Local temperature jumps up to +170 degrees will cause thermal decomposition of the solution substances, the release of gases and the formation of carbon deposits inside the heating elements.

A prerequisite for the use of antifreeze is the complete tightness of the heating system. Thus, ethylene glycol actively interacts with atmospheric oxygen to form glycolates, which destroy anti-corrosion additives and negatively affect human health.

Antifreeze Hot Stream