In order to reduce harmful emissions and improve engine efficiency, the automotive fuel system has undergone significant changes in recent years. For example, in the USA they abandoned carburetors back in 1990. Fuel injection systems appeared in the middle of the twentieth century, and they began to be used on production cars of European manufacturers around the 1980s.
Today, all new cars are equipped with injection engines. In this educational article we will look at the principle of operation of the injector and its design. You can find out how fuel gets into the engine cylinder. The design of an engine with an injection system is a very relevant topic for the modern car enthusiast, so make yourself comfortable and let’s get started!
The carburetor is losing ground
After the advent of the internal combustion engine, the carburetor was used to supply fuel to the engine. This device is still used in equipment such as chainsaws and lawn mowers. But as the car evolved, it became more and more difficult for the carburetor to satisfy many operating requirements.
For example, catalytic converters (catalysts) were introduced to meet increasingly stringent environmental regulations. The catalyst is effective only if the air-fuel mixture is carefully controlled. Oxygen sensors (we have already written about how they are checked - https://avtopub.com/proverka-kislorodnogo-datchika-lyambda-zonda-svoimi-silami/) are responsible for monitoring the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gases. This information is also used by the electronic engine control unit (ECU) to adjust the air/fuel ratio in real time.
The result is a closed control system , which could not be implemented using carburetors. Electronically controlled carburetors were produced for a short period of time, but they were even more complex than purely mechanical devices.
Carburetors were first replaced by throttle body fuel injection (also known as single point injection or central fuel injection ). In them, the injectors were located in the throttle body. It was a simple solution to replacing the carburetor, so automakers did not have to make changes to engine designs.
Over time, as new engines were introduced, the central fuel injection system was replaced by a multipoint fuel injection system (also known as a sequential injection ). These systems use a separate fuel injector for each cylinder. Typically they are positioned to spray fuel directly onto the intake valve. These systems provide more accurate fuel metering and faster response. It's time to study in more detail the principle of operation of the injector.
Choosing between two types
Oddly enough, it is impossible to say for sure which is better: an injector or a carburetor. In this matter, you need to focus on your preferences and what exactly you want to get from the car. If you live far from the city and a service station, then it is much more practical to give preference to a used car with a classic power system. In the event of a breakdown, using the simplest tools and experience, you will quickly fix the breakdown and move on. And if you don’t have skills in such repairs, they will quickly appear, since there is nothing super complicated about it.
As a rule, such stations are present in fairly large cities, and if the breakdown is serious, then there is a possibility that the car will not reach its destination under its own power. In this regard, the advantage of a carburetor is obvious, but this nuance is relevant only for those who often travel far from the city or even live in the wilderness.
If you are an average city resident, then you don’t need more than reliability and maintainability. Here, car services are located at every step and there is no particular reason to worry. Therefore, buying a classic car and suffering in the morning starting and warming up the engine is definitely not worth it. Given the modern pace of life, the morning commute to work will take you too much time.
Let's sum it up
Another important factor that influences the choice is the efficiency of the car. For the most part, injection systems are much more economical than carburetor systems, and it is this fact that often determines the car enthusiast’s decision. To set up a carburetor for the same economical operation, the services of an extremely skilled craftsman will be required, and not everyone can work with this old equipment. Generally speaking, a lot depends not on the car, but on how the car is looked after and how its owner drives the car.
To summarize, it is worth saying that the choice should be made consciously: you need to choose which positive traits suit you best and which shortcomings you are willing to put up with. In this case, the choice really depends on the specific situation and the purposes for which the machine is selected.
When you step on the gas
The gas pedal in your car is connected to the throttle body. This is a valve that regulates the amount of air entering the engine. So the gas pedal is actually the air pedal.
When you step on the gas pedal, the throttle valve opens more, causing the engine to receive more air. The engine control unit (ECU, the computer that controls all the electronic components of the engine) “notices” the open throttle and increases the fuel supply to create the optimal fuel-air mixture. It is very important that the fuel supply increases immediately after opening the throttle. Otherwise, some air will end up in the cylinders without enough fuel.
Sensors monitor the oxygen content in the exhaust gases, as well as the amount of air entering the engine. The ECU uses this data to select the air/fuel ratio as accurately as possible. How does an injector work on modern cars?
Nozzle
The fuel injector (injector) is an electronically controlled valve. The fuel supply to this valve is provided by the fuel pump. The nozzle can open/close many times per second.
When the injector is energized, an electromagnet moves a piston, which opens a valve, causing fuel to be injected under pressure through a tiny nozzle. The nozzle is designed to spray fuel. A fine mist appears that burns easily.
The amount of fuel that is supplied to the engine depends on how long the injector remains in the open position. This indicator is called the pulse duration or width, it is controlled by the ECU.
The injectors are installed in the intake manifold in such a way that they spray fuel directly onto the intake valves. The tube that supplies fuel to each of the injectors at a certain pressure is called a fuel rail.
In order to determine the optimal amount of fuel, the engine control unit receives signals from many sensors. Let's look at the most important of them.
Service
Despite all this, the injector has good survivability. And malfunction of sensors does not always lead to immobilization of the car. The car will not be able to get to the service station on its own only if the phase sensor or fuel pump breaks down.
If the crankshaft position sensor fails, the car will be able to drive another couple of kilometers if you tap your foot or a piece of wood on the tank area. Thanks to this, the contact of the commutator brushes with the armature is temporarily restored.
Also, engine failure is often caused by damage to the wiring under the hood. Or a violation of the connections of the fuel system hoses. This also applies to what the injector is afraid of.
An ideal injector condition ensures low fuel consumption and proper engine operation.
You should not skip the scheduled replacement of all filters (oil and air) and engine oil. After every 30 thousand mileage, you need to clean the throttle valve and wash the injector itself. Immediately after such a wash, it is better to dry the entire engine compartment with compressed air.
Here's something else that can affect the performance of an injector-based system:
- Bad spark plugs.
- Starter malfunction.
- Weak battery.
As can be seen from the above, most of the problems in the operation of the injection system are caused by irregular maintenance and untimely replacement of all consumables.
Injection engine design - main sensors
To select the optimal amount of fuel under various operating conditions, the engine ECU monitors the readings of various sensors. Here are just a few of the main ones:
- Mass air flow sensor (MAF). Tells the control unit the mass of air entering the engine.
- Oxygen sensor(s) (lambda probe). Controls the oxygen content in exhaust gases. Using the information received from it, the ECU can detect a rich or lean fuel mixture and make appropriate adjustments.
- Throttle position sensor. It monitors the position of the throttle valve (it affects the air supply to the engine), thanks to which the control unit can quickly respond to changes, increasing or decreasing fuel consumption as necessary.
- Coolant temperature sensor. Helps the ECU determine when the engine has reached optimal operating temperature.
- Voltage sensor. Monitors the voltage of the vehicle's on-board network. Depending on the sensor readings, the control unit can increase the engine idle speed if the voltage drops (this happens with high electrical loads).
- Manifold absolute pressure sensor. Analyzes the air pressure in the intake manifold. The amount of air entering the engine is a good indicator of how much power it produces. The more air entering the engine, the lower the manifold pressure. This indicator is used to determine the amount of energy produced.
- Crankshaft speed sensor. Crankshaft rotation speed is one of the factors influencing the calculation of the required pulse duration.
There are two main types of control for multiport injection systems : the fuel injectors can open simultaneously, or each of them can open only before the intake valve of the corresponding cylinder opens (this is called sequential multiport fuel injection).
The advantage of sequential fuel injection is that the system can respond to any driver input faster, since from the moment the action is performed, it only waits for the next opening of the intake valve. The system does not need to wait for the motor to rotate completely. We were able to figure out how the injector works, but who is in charge of all this?
Posted by Postscriptum May 15, 2019
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