7" LED headlights

This term has other meanings, see Headlight (meanings).

Headlight

(from the Greek “Pharos”) - a source of directional light installed on the front of a vehicle, designed to illuminate the surrounding area or road.
The number of headlights can vary from one (motorcycle, moped, bicycle) to several dozen (large airliner). Its power can vary from a few watts (bicycle headlight) to several kilowatts (on locomotives and river boats) [ clarify
].

Design

The headlight consists of a light source, a reflector (reflector), corrugated glass (light diffuser) and a housing with a holder (mount). The light source (incandescent, LED, metal halide, xenon, halogen) usually has adjustable/switchable power. In incandescent lamps this is usually the presence of two filaments: high beam

gives a high-power filament (or simultaneous activation of both), located at the focus of the reflector,
low beam
gives a low-power filament, usually shifted forward from the focus of the reflector (for example, a double-filament H4 lamp).

Almost any vehicle is equipped with headlights (in the case of two headlights, they should be located symmetrically to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle). Many cars have fog lights. Special vehicles have searchlights that can be rotated in different directions (spotlight). On tractors and other work vehicles, headlights are also installed at the rear to allow visibility of trailed machines and implements.

Headlights using . The big advantage of LEDs is their ultra-low power consumption and very long service life, ranging from 30,000 to 100,000 hours. For example, a regular car halogen lamp has a lifespan of 2000 hours.

Serial vehicles on which the automaker installs LED headlights:

Lexus LS600h
Lexus RX 450h
Toyota Prius from 2010
Cadillac Escalade Platinum
Audi R8

Advantages and disadvantages

The skirt significantly transforms the body design and improves aerodynamic performance. It is often used by athletes, who, thanks to this element, gain advantages in the speed and stability of the car on the race track. The lower area of the body kit is located on the same level as the car's suspension. Such a pad, touching an obstacle on the road, can warn the driver - stop further movement, otherwise you will damage the suspension and other important components!

Unfortunately, this accessory is often damaged and requires repair. This is not surprising, given the tasks it performs. Any carelessness - hitting a stone or curb, unsuccessful parking - breaks the fragile plastic. An exception is metal linings, but they are rarely used due to their large mass. Another disadvantage of the spoiler is the reduction in ground clearance.

The disadvantages increase if the spoiler is installed incorrectly:

fuel consumption increases;
aerodynamics decreases;
maneuverability deteriorates;
clearance decreases.

Automotive

Main article: Automotive lighting technology

Lighting in cars is a set of lighting devices on vehicles used to illuminate the area around the vehicle and to indicate the vehicle for other road users. Lighting equipment includes headlights, sidelights, spotlights, side lights, brake lights, daytime running lights, direction indicators, reversing lamps, fog lights and lamps, as well as license plate lamps.

Headlights and sidelights on a VAZ-2106 car, operating in low beam mode
Turn signal repeater on a VAZ-2106 car
Rear block light on a VAZ-2106, operating in side light mode

The concept of automotive design usually includes both the external design of the car (exterior design) and the interior equipment (exterior design). The design and internal structure of a car are related as form and content; stylists and artists are responsible for the first, engineers and mechanics for the second. Ideas about the essence of automotive design do not always coincide. Thus, in the USSR, designing the body shape was called the artistic design of a car, while in the USA the appearance of a car is usually referred to as styling, and design means work on the design of the car as a whole, including the layout and internal structure.

Automotive design is a type of industrial design and performs two main tasks: functional (the shape of the car must be rational, comfortable, technologically advanced, and appropriate for operating conditions) and aesthetic (the car must look attractive to potential buyers and meet the requirements of automotive fashion). As a rule, the project team works in three directions, simultaneously dealing with exterior design (external body design), interior design (design and placement of interior components) and finishing (exterior paint, materials and color combinations in the interior).

Nowadays, there are practically no components left in a car that perform a purely aesthetic function (for example, a figurine on the hood or an imitation air intake), so the design process is complex, combining elements of art, technology and marketing. A team of dozens of specialists is working on the creation of the model, consistently bringing to life the overall concept of the car. Development begins with the formation and development of an idea, followed by sketching, creating mock-ups and 3D computer modeling using appropriate programs, and at the final stage, designers build a working prototype. The work of modern designers is limited by strict requirements of practicality, safety, environmental friendliness, ergonomics and quality of materials, so cars are becoming more and more similar and unremarkable. However, this was not always the case, as evidenced by the amazing variety of stylistic ideas in cars of the last century.

The origins of automotive design are associated with the opening by the American corporation General Motors in 1927 of a special Art & Color department, which was supposed to give individuality to the products of each of the nine brands that were part of the concern. A year later, the department was headed by the famous designer Harley Earl, and the first car he developed was the LaSalle 303, which set a sales record in its class. Harley Earl's studio had a significant influence on the subsequent development of automobile design in both the United States and Europe. After GM outsold Ford in 1931, other automakers realized the critical importance of style in marketing a car.

Another reason for the rapid transformation of the appearance of cars was the concept of “dynamic obsolescence” by GM head Alfred P. Sloan, adopted by the corporation in the late 30s. Its essence was the annual restyling of all models without significant changes in design, which did not require re-equipment of production lines. With this approach, cars became obsolete in a few years, which forced Americans to replace them with new ones. In addition, planned obsolescence helped the big ones get rid of many small competitors who simply could not keep up with automotive fashion. American corporations adhered to this concept until the mid-70s, when a large-scale industry crisis occurred and the costs of restyling were no longer justified.

The golden age in the history of automobile design lasted from the mid-30s to the early 60s. During this period, automobile stylists drew inspiration from the field of aviation, where aerodynamics was the main shaping factor. During this time, the aviation industry has come a long way from the airship to the fighter jet, and its achievements could not but affect cars. The spread of aerodynamic style began with cars such as the Chrysler Airflow, Tatra T77 and Bugatti Atlantic, and by the end of the 30s. Almost all production models already had streamlined body panels. In the next phase, from the late 40s to the early 60s, designers began to use aviation elements as decorative decorations (tail fins, false air intakes, headlights in the form of jet exhausts, moldings in the form of rockets, etc.), which provided ample opportunities in terms of artistic modeling and opened up space for the flight of creative thought.

In Europe, car design was traditionally the job of coachbuilders rather than car companies, as most pre-war models were fitted with bespoke bodies. In the 30s Entire schools of design arose among body shops, and the uniqueness of a car directly depended on its price category and the financial capabilities of the customer. In the UK, a conservative style has traditionally dominated, in France - sophisticated elegant forms, and in Germany, aerodynamic bodies for driving on high-speed autobahns have become widespread. After the war, most manufacturers switched to producing factory bodies and began to increasingly focus on the development of American style. The body shops survived only in Italy, where they collaborated with sports car manufacturers (Ferrari, Lancia, Lamborghini, Maserati) and earned worldwide fame thanks to their unusual concept cars. Firms such as Pininfarina, Bertone, Touring, Ghia, Vignale, Frua and Zagato had their own original ideas and distinctive features by which the cars they created could be unmistakably identified.

Exterior design
Hood	A car hood is a body part that protects the engine compartment units from negative external influences. The hood also serves as sound insulation and improves the aerodynamics of the car. Usually, the hood refers to the protruding front part of the body separated from the interior, but this only applies to front-engine cars. The question of what to call a hood in central- and rear-engine cars is quite controversial. In these cases, the rear engine compartment lid is often referred to as the hood, and the front compartment lid is often referred to as the trunk. In most cases, the hood is attached to the body on hinges at the base of the windshield and opens upward against the direction of the car. This design appeared in the late 30s. and was called the “alligator-type hood” (the one-piece triangular hood cover resembled the mouth of an alligator). On classic pre-war models, the hood consisted of two folding halves that covered the engine compartment at the top and sides. On some post-war cars, the hood was solid, but attached to the side. There are many cars with a hood that is fixed at the front and opens along the way. On racing cars, the hood was often completely removable and secured with studs. In some cases, the hood is connected into one block with the front fenders and opens with them. The hood is not always made from the same material as the body: aluminum, fiberglass and carbon fiber hoods are used to reduce vehicle weight.
Trunk	The trunk is a part of the car body designed to carry luggage. If in trucks and pickups the cargo compartment occupies the bulk of the usable space, then in passenger cars the trunk has an auxiliary role and is usually not designed to accommodate large cargo. Early cars were not used for long trips, so they did not have a trunk. For a long time, the role of a trunk was played by a large suitcase, attached to the rear of the body with ropes and belts. Only in the mid-30s. The first trunks appeared in the form of a metal compartment in a body with a lid, and by the end of the decade they began to be made flush with the rest of the panels. The shape and location of the trunk of modern cars directly depends on the layout and type of body. In front-engine models, the trunk is always located at the rear, in central- and rear-engine models it is always in the front. If the cabin is two-seater, there may be a luggage rack behind the seats. In a three-volume body (sedan), the trunk is separated from the passenger compartment, and in a two-volume body (station wagon, hatchback) it is a continuation of it. In both cases, the trunk lid is often combined with the rear window into a third (fifth) door or a horizontal liftback lid. Typically, the rear seats fold down to increase luggage space.
Doors	Door - a body part that provides entry and exit from the passenger compartment. Most cars have two or four side doors. They can be opened manually or electrically. Depending on the opening mechanism, the following types of doors can be distinguished: With front hinges - hinged at the front edge, opening in the direction of travel. They are considered the safest, since if the lock is unlocked while moving, they close under the influence of aerodynamic resistance or in the event of a collision with a foreign object. With rear hinges - fixed on hinges with the rear edge, opening against the direction of movement. They are called “suicide” doors, which is explained by the danger of them completely swinging open when the lock is unlocked and being torn off in a collision, as well as the threat of a passenger being thrown out of the cabin during a sharp turn. The advantages of rear-hinged doors include ease of entry and the ability for the driver to open the rear door from his seat, which is why such doors were common on pre-war cars. In the 50s - 60s. Executive class models were produced with rear doors that opened against the movement. Today there are double doors in which the rear leaf opens only together with the front one. Scissor doors (guillotine type doors) - fixed on hinges at the edges of the windshield, open upward in the direction of travel. They are the invention of designer Marcello Gandini, from the late 60s. installed on mid-engined supercars, mainly Lamborghini. They have an impressive appearance and require little space on the side of the car when parking, but they significantly complicate landing. Butterfly wing - hinged at the top and bottom edges of the windshield, opening up and out as you move. A type of scissor doors that makes it more convenient to enter and exit the cabin; found only on sports models. Gull wing - mounted on hinges in the center of the roof, opening vertically upward. The most convenient doors in terms of entry and in case of lack of parking space. Problems include the inability to reach the door handle of an open door from the driver's seat, a blocked interior when the car rolls over, and poor waterproofing. The most famous gullwing models are the Mercedes-Benz 300SL, DeLorean DMC-12 and Gumpert Apollo. Top-hung - one door that contains the windshield and side windows and lifts up to provide access to the interior. In fact, it acts not as a door, but as a dome, like in a jet fighter. They are found very rarely, mainly on concept cars. Sliding - open horizontally by shifting to the side along the guide track. Used as rear side doors on minivans and minibuses. On sports roadsters there were small doors that slid into the body.	Regular front hinged doors "Suicide" rear doors Scissor doors "Butterfly wing" "Gull wing" Sliding door
Glass	To elements glazing The vehicle includes the windshield, rear and side windows, as well as glass roof panels. In most cases, only the windshield (with the exception of a number of pre-war models on which it folded) and rear (with the exception of convertibles) windows are fixed, and the side windows are raised and lowered using a manual handle or electric windows. Historically, the windshield was the first to appear on cars at the beginning of the 20th century, since its purpose was to protect the driver and passengers from the oncoming air flow. At an early stage, the windshield was a round or square shield made of regular or tempered glass, mounted on the hood or steering column. On racing cars, such glass remained for a long time, but on production models, closed bodies soon became widespread, which required side and rear windows. Open bodies were divided into phaetons, which had only a windshield (or two windshields for each row of seats - dual cowl phaeton), and convertibles, which had retractable side windows. In the 20s A safe three-layer windshield (triplex) was developed, consisting of two layers of glass and a film laid between them, so that it does not break into pieces upon impact. In the early 30s. Designers realized the significant impact of the shape of the windshield on the aerodynamics of the car, and this led to the spread of V-shaped glass with two halves. One-piece windshields were installed at an angle, but their flat shape limited the designers' ability to create a streamlined body. In some cars, additional windows were installed between the windshield and front side windows to improve visibility. Everything changed in the late 40s. with the advent of curved glass, first consisting of two halves, and then solid. However, the technology for their manufacture was more complex, so bent triplexes replaced ordinary glass a little later. During the 50s. The glass area of cars increased, and in 1953 Cadillac first received a panoramic windshield, the corners of which extended beyond the hood and hung over the front doors, and the pillars were vertical or tilted forward. Two years later, such windshields were already used on all American models, and on some in combination with a panoramic rear window or a panoramic front half of the roof. However, already in the early 60s. There was a trend towards angular body shapes, and panoramic windows fell out of use. Their rapid disappearance was also explained by the inconvenience of sitting in the front seats and severe deformation of the body during the accident. In Europe during the same period, panoramic windows were rare. In the 60s Some cars had a reverse-tilt rear window, but not everyone liked this idea. Subsequently, the development of automotive glazing was limited by changes in the angles of inclination and area of the glass, as well as the invention of electronic technologies, from built-in heating to a night vision system that projects an image onto the windshield.	Round Shield WindshieldFlat One Piece WindshieldV Shape WindshieldPanoramic WindshieldReverse Tilt Rear WindowModern Windshield
Wings	car fender — a body panel above the wheel that protects the car, its passengers and others from stones and dirt flying from under the wheel. During the evolution of the car, the shape of the wings constantly changed. Initially, the wings were independent parts, structurally separated from the body. At the beginning of the 20th century, the fenders covered the wheels only halfway on the inside, and between them there were footrests that made it easier to get into the car at high ground clearance. Even then, wings became mandatory for all production models, while they were not installed on Grand Prix cars. Sports cars often used motorcycle-style front fenders that were attached to the front wheel supports and turned with them. In the 30s the wings were made more streamlined to improve the aerodynamics of the body. At the end of the 30s. On high-end cars, teardrop-shaped fenders became widespread, in which the rear (and sometimes front) wheel arches were covered with removable side skirts. At the same time, cars appeared with decorative stampings on the doors, extending the falling line of the front fenders. An important stage in the development of body shape was associated with the formation of pontoons - wings that completely merged with the plane of the body. The first cars with a pontoon body are considered to be the American Kaiser of 1946, the Soviet Pobeda, Tatra T600, Standard Vanguard and Studebaker Champion, although similar designs existed before in single copies. A characteristic feature of cars with pontoon wings were flat sides, which made it possible to increase the width of the cabin. Early pontoon fenders were positioned in a line below the glass edge (belt line), so the hood and trunk rose above them. Until the end of the 50s. many models retained stampings on the rear fenders or doors, imitating the classic protruding fenders. At the same time, the pontoon line merged with the belt line, as a result of which the hood and trunk became flat. At the end of the 60s. Curved rear fenders were again common, giving the car a muscular appearance. Today, most cars have flat fenders, with the exception of high-performance models with flared wheel arches.	Classic separate fendersTeardrop fenders with side skirtsPontoon fenders
Bumpers	Bumper - an element of the vehicle’s passive safety that absorbs impact energy in a minor collision. It is believed that the world's first bumper appeared on the President car (Tatra) in 1898. Until the mid-20s. bumpers were rare, but then began to be installed as additional equipment, mainly on high-end models. Early bumpers were of the same type and consisted of two fastened horizontal metal strips connected to the body with spring brackets. In the 2nd half of the 30s. chrome bumpers of complex shapes began to appear on American cars, mainly in the form of massive horizontal bars with a pair of vertical “fangs”. After the war, most American automakers considered bumpers as an important decorative decoration and exterior design element, so in the 40s and 50s. many fancy designs sparkling with chrome were created. Bumpers with jet turbine-shaped headlight openings and conical protrusions (“dagmar bumpers”) were popular at the time. In the mid-50s. The first cars were produced with integrated bumpers, which were not attached to the body, but acted as body panels themselves, often with an integrated radiator grille. In Europe during the same period, bumpers were still made in the form of a simple horizontal beam, and integrated plastic bumpers were developed only in the 2nd floor. 70s In the 60s The bumper shapes on American models varied greatly, from integrated bumpers with curves at the edges of the front fenders to bumpers that surrounded the grille. From a safety point of view, all of them were practically useless, so in 1973, government safety standards came into force in the United States, obliging all manufacturers to equip their cars with bumpers that could withstand an impact at a speed of 5 mph (8 km/h) without deforming the body. . This had a negative impact on the design of the cars, since they were all now equipped with massive rectangular bumpers with rubber pads. In 1982, under pressure from Detroit companies, these standards were canceled, and the safe impact speed was reduced to 4 km/h accepted in Europe, but the bumper height must be within the range of 41-51 cm, which significantly increased the cost of repairs. Since the late 80s. Most cars are equipped with integrated plastic bumpers painted in body color.	Classic bumperIntegrated bumper with dagmar bullets and integrated radiator grilleContrast bumper with black plastic trimIntegrated plastic bumper
Radiator grille	Radiator grille (grill) - a grill located at the front of the car that covers the hole for supplying air to the radiator. The radiator grille is primarily a decorative element and often does not perform any functions. If air enters the engine compartment through air intakes, it is usually called a false radiator grille. Traditionally, the grille has played a big role in identifying a car, and each brand has strived to differentiate its models with a unique grille. Pre-war cars were dominated by vertical radiator grilles in the shape of a rectangle, arch, shield or horseshoe. Until the beginning of the 30s. they were placed at right angles, but later, under the influence of aerodynamic design, inclined and V-shaped radiator grilles appeared. At the same time, streamlined radiator grilles in the shape of an oval, triangle, trapezoid, collar or heart, as well as grilles made of two or three parts, became widespread. After the war, along with a decrease in body height, most cars received horizontal grilles, which gradually expanded in the mid-50s. were integrated into the front bumper. Beginning in 1959, in the USA, radiator grilles were made to span the entire width of the body and included headlights. In Europe, car design did not change as quickly, and on some luxury models, vertical radiator grilles remained until the 90s. Radiator grilles of different brands differed not only in shape, but also in structure. At different times, radiator grilles with horizontal or vertical bars, with thick or thin pipes, convex or concave, checkered with rectangular or square cells, honeycomb or mesh with or without shading were popular. On mid- and rear-engined cars, the radiator grille was usually absent. In the 80s To improve aerodynamics, radiator grilles were also absent on some front-engine models, but nowadays they are clearly visible mainly on luxury cars.	Vertical flat grilleV-shaped mesh grilleHorizontal checkered grilleHorizontal full-width grille with vertical collar element and integrated headlightsVertical triangular grille
Headlights	Lighting engineering - this is a set of devices for illuminating the space around the car and for making it visible to other road users. Lighting equipment includes headlights for low and high beams, taillights, side lights, brake lights, reversing lamps, direction indicators, fog lamps, daytime running lights and license plate lamps. The first cars, before the invention of a reliable electrical system, used kerosene or acetylene headlights. Electric headlights were first installed on the Columbia electric car in 1898, but it was not until 1908 that they became standard on the British Peerless car. By the beginning of the 20s. electric headlights with incandescent lamps became widespread and were equipped with a modern switching circuit from low beam to high beam. During the period between the world wars, the vast majority of cars had two round headlights, which were attached between the front fenders and the radiator grille, and in the late 30s. - directly on the wings. The exceptions were some microcars with one headlight and Tatra models with three headlights, the central one of which turned along with the front wheels. In 1940, a standard was introduced in the United States requiring all automakers to use the same 7-inch (178 mm) round headlights. This standard slowed down the development of automotive design, as it only allowed stylists to change the position and chrome of the headlights. That all changed in 1957 when twin 5.75″ (146 mm) round headlights were allowed. In the mid-60s. Twin headlights, positioned vertically one above the other, came into fashion, and at the end of the decade, headlights hidden behind sliding panels of the radiator grille with vacuum or electric drive became popular. At the same time, American law prohibited any decorative or protective coating on headlights and headlights of any shape other than round. Because of this, European companies were forced to replace rectangular headlights with round ones and remove plastic hubcaps in order to export their models to the United States. In Europe, headlights had more varied shapes: rectangular (appeared in 1961 on the Citroen Ami 6), oval, triangular, etc. In the USA, rectangular headlights were allowed in 1974, but again of a strictly defined size in single or dual versions and without covering. Only in 1983 did American automakers achieve the abolition of the standard and were given the opportunity to install aerodynamic headlights, popular in Europe, in the same unit with turn signals and side lights. In the 70s and 80s. sports cars were equipped with pop-up headlights (first introduced in 1936 on the Cord 810), which, when closed, were completely submerged in the body and thereby improved aerodynamics. Since the late 90s. pop-up headlights disappeared because they were deemed unsafe for pedestrians. On modern cars, instead of conventional incandescent lamps, in most cases double-filament halogen lamps are used. More efficient are xenon discharge lamps or neon tubes, which have better light output and service life. In recent years, LED headlights have become widespread. They last longer than halogen ones, but to obtain sufficient radiation intensity they consist of dozens of LEDs, which require a separate cooling system.	Acetylene HeadlightsClassic Dish HeadlightsStandard Single HeadlightsStandard Dual HeadlightsRectangular HeadlightsHidden HeadlightsPop Up HeadlightsDouble Rectangular HeadlightsRectangular Block HeadlightsModern LED Headlights
Kili	Caudal fins (keels) - common in the 50s - early 60s. decorative elements of the rear of the car. The popularity of fins has been linked to aeronautical trends in automotive design. Early fins appeared in the 30s. on some aerodynamic models and, like the tail stabilizers of aircraft, they served to improve directional stability and reduce the effect of side winds. At the end of the 40s. GM's design studio, led by Harley Earl, first designed Cadillac's taillights to look like the stabilizers of a P-38 Lightning fighter jet. In the early 50s. fins appeared on almost all American cars and became one of the ways to individualize products of different brands. During the “restyling race”, American stylists used all sorts of fin shapes: from flat horizontal rear wings with pointed edges to high protruding keels in the form of shark fins. In the mid-50s. the fins were often extensions of the vertical taillights, and by the end of the decade they included jet exhaust-shaped lights. Keeleys reached their maximum size in 1959 on Cadillac models, which became a symbol of the fin era. At the same time, American cars were criticized for their impractical and offensive design, after which keels quickly went out of fashion. Several more years of experimentation with muted tail fins, including inverted ones on the bottom of the rear wings, passed, and in 1964 the fins disappeared completely. Some semblance of them - the edges of the rear wings rising above the trunk with vertical taillights - remained on Cadillac cars until the early 90s. Tail fins fell into decline due to their impracticalities: congestion at the rear of the vehicle, rapid corrosion of complex body panels, poor rear visibility and unsafety for pedestrians. However, American cars had a great influence on European design, so keels became common in Europe, as well as on some cars from the USSR, Australia and Japan. On European models, the fins were never large, but lasted longer than on American ones: from about the mid-50s to the late 60s.	Central tailfinEarly finsBlunt finsFlat finsSharp fins with dual taillights
Air ducts	In addition to the radiator grille, other air ducts are provided in the car body to ensure the passage of air inside the car for ventilation and cooling. These include air intakes, engine compartment vents, interior ventilation and brake vents. Air intakes are designed to intake and supply air to various internal units. On vehicles with internal combustion engines, air intakes direct air to the air filter to form a combustible mixture and to the radiator to cool the fluid. Typically, the air intake takes the form of an opening in the bumper or a scoop on the hood, roof, or other body panel. The hood scoop can be mounted directly on the engine air filter (the so-called “shaker” - a vibrating air intake), with a hole cut out for it in the hood.	Air intakes in the front bumper, in front of the rear fenders and on the Shaker roof
Aerodynamic elements	Spoiler - a device for redirecting air flow around the car. Improves handling by creating downforce and reducing drag. As a rule, the spoiler has little effect on top speed and fuel consumption. Previously, spoilers were only installed on racing and high-performance cars, but today they can be found on almost every model, although often the spoiler is purely decorative. The most common is the rear spoiler, which is attached to the trunk lid or the rear edge of the roof (on station wagons). There are also front spoilers (under the bumper), side skirts (under the doors) and various types of deflectors throughout the body. On some cars they automatically adjust the angle of inclination. Spoilers are made of lightweight materials: plastic, fiberglass and carbon fiber. Wing — a wing with a negative angle, which improves the vehicle’s grip on the road. Unlike a spoiler, it creates downforce due to air pressure on its surface, and not by changing the direction of the air flow. The wing is only effective at high speeds when it eliminates lift at the front of the car. At the same time, the wing increases air resistance, and, as a result, reduces the maximum speed. Modern supercars use an integrated wing with an adjustable angle of attack, which automatically rises when a certain speed is reached and acts as an air brake when braking. To improve aerodynamics, modern cars are also equipped with splitters and diffusers . They are part of the front and rear body kits, respectively, and serve to optimize the air flow under the bottom of the car. The front splitter and rear diffuser are made of carbon, the first consists of horizontal guide planes, the second of several longitudinal ribs.	Rear spoilerRear wingFront splitterRear diffuser

Device

In general, a headlight consists of an emitter, a diffuser, a reflector and a housing.

Emitter

The emitter is the light source in the headlight. There are several types of emitters.

Incandescent lamp. Traditional emitter. A vacuum is created inside the glass flask, inside which the tungsten filament is heated by electric current to 2000°C. Work 500 – 1000 hours.
Halogen lamp. The glass flask is filled with a halogen buffer gas - iodine or bromine. Thanks to halogens it works up to 4000 hours.
HID lamp. In a flask made of molten quartz or aluminum oxide, heated gas (xenon) emits light. Operates up to 25,000 hours.
Light emitting diodes (LED). They work by filling empty “holes” with electrons in a semiconductor and releasing a photon. Repeated release of photons leads to glow. Energy efficient. Works up to 50,000 hours.

Diffuser

There are two types: with a pattern and a transparent coating.

Diffuser with a pattern. Optical elements - recesses and notches on the lens, scatter light partially polarized by the reflector to obtain the desired angle of illumination of the road. Made from glass and plastic. The design is outdated and is now used extremely rarely.
Diffuser with transparent coating. Does not have optical elements. Used for 3 types of headlights: with xenon lamps, with an additional diffuse lens, for free-form headlights. The main function is to protect the lamp from dirt and water. Made from glass or plastic. Plastic has a number of advantages: it is more durable, lighter, and it is easier to make a headlight of any design from plastic.

Reflector

The light source emits unpolarized light, the rays of which do not have one direction, but are emitted in all directions. The reflector collects the rays and directs it towards the road. The inner surface is made of brass, plastic or glass and coated with a reflective layer of silver, chrome or aluminum.

Frame

It contains all the components of the headlight - source, reflector, wires, etc. Installed in the car body. Protects the lamp from overheating, humidity and mechanical damage. Typically made from thermoplastic.

What is the name of the plastic that covers the top of the headlights?

There's a bumper at the bottom, then there's a radiator grille, and when you open the hood above the headlights, there's this kind of plastic that covers the space between the bumper and the radiator—what is that? Another question: is the hood latch removed from the hood or does it come with it? The lower lock itself, which is on top of the radiator grille (where the loop on the hood is fastened and where the hood closure sensor is) - is it difficult to change?

PS. The wife crashed the car. Minus the hood, bumper, radiator grille, hood latch (on the hood and on the car itself, which is what it’s called) and the plastic that I wrote above covers the headlights. The headlights are alive. It didn't reach the radiator. Please give me the names of the spare parts - I’ll look for used ones here at a disassembly site.

Golf

Registration 12/16/2008 Address Russia, Tula Age 43 Messages 517

Thank you:

Received: 17 Sent: 31

It looks like this is the top plastic cover of the TV, integral to it. “TV” (radiator frame), a large part attached to the bumper reinforcement. It holds radiators, bumper, headlights, etc. The “TV” is different for different motors.

There seems to be only a bracket on the hood. she unscrews. The lock itself on the TV seems to be removable.

not difficult - there are three screws.

You can find the hood and bumper at disassembly, but the grille is better than a new original one. “TV” can also be found at disassembly, as long as the holes for the screws are not broken.

Moderator

Registration 04/06/2007 Address Came down from the mountains Age 42 Messages 31,288

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Received: 4,183 Sent: 2,255

Those need to replace the TV, hood, bumper and grille, right? I'll also look for the grille during disassembly - it doesn't affect the speed. How much could something like this cost?

Golf

Registration 12/16/2008 Address Russia, Tula Age 43 Messages 517

Thank you:

Received: 17 Sent: 31

In general terms, yes. Look at the picture from existential.

11-Bumper reinforcement. even if he was not injured, then traverse 9 could have bent. Numerous guide brackets could have broken - 15, 22, 45, 19. This must be looked at after opening. But they are inexpensive. You may also need lower bumper grilles (there are three of them).

On average, a hood after disassembly is 10-12tr. I think the bumper is 6-8tr. The TV is existentially 12tr original (China from 3tr) when disassembled I think 6-7tr. Chrome front grille (often called highline) new original-7tr. Hood lock 2 tr. Prices are from Exist, perhaps our partners will be cheaper.

An autopsy will show what else is needed. Perhaps radiator guide deflectors, but these are also pennies.

If you find a good one, without “chrome” swollen or damaged by stones and sand. Still, the grille is the face of the car and it is not painted, unlike the bumper and hood, which can be taken in any “smooth” condition.

The most important thing is that the wings are not moving?

To all Peppers - Pepper Club!

Registration 06/27/2007 Address Russia, Tver (Yunost) - Vyshny Volochek - Maksatikha Age 39 Messages 9,732 Diary entries 12

Thank you:

Received: 511 Sent: 167

Sten
, was repaired after the New Year, here is the price tag in Minsk: Saturday, December 29, 2012, 20:14 +04:00 from “Sergey” Roma write what and how then in order: 1. Hood - $ 2. Bumper for parking sensors - $ 3 Highline radiator grille for parking sensors (as I understand, no) - $ 4. Left fender - $ 5. Left headlight (English) - $ 6. Supporting panel (TV) - $ 7. Left bumper guide (under the headlight) in the file - $ 8. Air duct, box of 2 parts (standing at the top behind the TV, from it there is a pipe to the air filter box) in a file - $

1. 250 dollars 2. 150 dollars 3. none 4. 130 dollars 5. 60 dollars 6. 170 dollars 7. 5 dollars 8. it consists of 3 parts, 25 dollars for all 9. as of 280 - $330 4 pieces.

Car headlight markings

Headlights are installed on cars using the following types of light sources:

Incandescent lamps: “C” - low beam, “R” - high beam, “CR” - two-mode light (low and high beam).[1]
The letter H on the headlight is a designation of the lamp category, for example: H1, H3, H4, H4-1, H4-3 H1, H2, H4, H7, H9, H11, H15, HB3, HB4, HB5.
In the USA, headlights are marked with the abbreviation “DOT” (Department Of Transport/Ministry of Transport), and “European” ones are marked with the letter “E” in a circle with a number - the code of the country where the headlight is approved for use (“E1” - Germany, “E2” - France, etc.). The markings on the headlights “HB” - “1, 2, 3, 4 ...” indicate their compliance with American standards. Headlights with this marking are usually installed on American and some Japanese cars. The peculiarity of these lamps is the unusual design of the base.

“HB1” and “HB2” are double-filament lamps for American cars, “HB3” and “HB4” are single-filament lamps. Single-filament lamps “HB3” provide only high beam, “HB4” - low beam. The markings “HB3” and “HB4” indicate the type of high and low beam, respectively.

Let's pay attention to the markings of the lamps themselves. Lamps with the indexes “D1R” and “D1S” are the first generation of gas-discharge lamps; they are combined with an ignition module.

“R” – for reflex (reflective) optical design, “S” – for spotlight (lens) optics. “D2R” and “D2S” are gas-discharge lamps of the second generation (“R” - for a reflector optical circuit, “S” - for a floodlight).

The lamp markings “HR” and “HS” indicate: “H” – halogen lamp (Halogen), the letters “R” and “S” for reflector and spotlight optical circuits, respectively. Based on this, the marking of Navik headlights is deciphered as: American standard headlights, low beam “HB4” with a first generation gas discharge lamp “D1R” for a reflective optical circuit, high beam “HB3” with a halogen lamp “HR” for a reflective optical circuit.

Letter D2S, D2R, D1R (xenon)
But the inscription, or more precisely the Halogen marking, means a halogen lamp
Halogen incandescent lamps: “C” - low beam, “R” - high beam, “CR” - dual-mode light.[1]
Gas-discharge lamps: “DC” - low beam, “DR” - high beam, “DCR” - dual-mode light.[2]

Halogen incandescent lamps are marked beginning with "H" and should only be used in headlights designated "HC", "HR" and "HCR". By analogy, gas discharge lamps are marked with a category starting with “D” and should only be used in headlights of the “DC”, “DR” and “DCR” types.[3]

Double-filament halogen lamp H4.

Approval mark

Headlights installed on American cars are marked with the abbreviation DOT (Department Of Transport, Ministry of Transport).

For European headlamps, where the headlamp lens can be separated from the headlamp housing, the lens itself and the headlamp housing are marked with the letter "E" in a circle with the number of the country that granted the approval and the approval number with additional letters indicating edits to original rules.

Marking with official approval marks “E” or “e” (for wheeled vehicles) is equivalent to marking with a single sign of product circulation on the market of the member states of the Customs Union.[4]

Approval number	A country
1	Germany
2	France
3	Italy
4	Netherlands
5	Sweden
6	Belgium
7	Hungary
8	Czech Republic
9	Spain
10	Yugoslavia
11	United Kingdom
12	Austria
13	Luxembourg
14	Switzerland
15	not assigned (formerly Ostzone)
16	Norway
17	Finland
18	Denmark
19	Romania
20	Poland
21	Portugal
22	Russian Federation
23	Greece
24	Ireland
25	Republic of Croatia
26	Slovenia
27	Slovakia
28	Republic of Belarus
29	Estonia
30	not assigned
31	Bosnia and Herzegovina
32	Latvia
33-36	not assigned
37	Türkiye
38-39	not assigned
40	Republic of Macedonia
41	not assigned
42	European Community
43	Japan

The remaining countries are assigned subsequent serial numbers, distributed in the chronological order of their ratification of the Agreement on the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions. All parties to the agreement are informed of the new numbers by the UN Secretary General.

Brightness metering

In the next test, we will measure the brightness, or rather the illumination, created by the headlight at a distance of 1 m. The illumination of the headlight with a Mayak halogen lamp is 1236 Lux, and the illumination of the LED headlight is 817 Lux. Typically, the illuminance of the LED lamps that I tested usually did not exceed 500 Lux, even for the brightest options. So in terms of brightness, we most likely have a new leader. In high beam, the light spreads more evenly and here the illumination of the LED lamp is almost always much higher, usually this difference is 2-2.5 times, but here the difference in brightness is as much as 5 times.

Aviation

Main article: Lighting equipment for aircraft

PRF-4M headlight in retracted (flight) position

The lighting equipment of aircraft (aircraft), airplanes and helicopters, can be divided into internal and external.

Internal

lighting is divided into in-cabin general and local lighting, lighting of passenger compartments and lighting of aircraft compartments. In most cases, in-cab working lighting is provided by shadowless (red-white, blue) lamps with continuously adjustable light intensity. To perform work in the cabin on the ground, emergency lighting is additionally used. In passenger cabins, lighting is divided into general and local, as well as emergency lighting. In the cockpit, the number of lighting bulbs (not counting signal lamps and displays) can reach a thousand or more.

External

lighting equipment is designed to provide the crew with visibility at night during takeoff, landing, and taxiing; illumination of structural elements and symbols of LA in space, to illuminate the parking area; in other cases, in accordance with the design features and purpose of the aircraft.

PRF-4M is a landing and taxi headlight, which is widely used on Soviet-made aircraft as a light source to illuminate the space in front of the aircraft - taxiways and runways, at night and in limited visibility. Also, according to generally accepted international practice, landing and taxi lights are turned on during takeoff and landing under any visibility conditions, including during the day, in order to indicate the aircraft on the take-off run, and on the glide path and descent.

The headlight housing contains a headlamp bulb holder SMF-3 and an exhaust mechanism with a gearbox and a DC electric motor ED-12. After takeoff, the headlight is retracted into the fuselage to reduce aerodynamic drag, and is released upon landing. The angle of the headlight is adjusted in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions for a particular aircraft and is periodically checked and adjusted when performing routine maintenance or when replacing a burnt-out headlight bulb. Some aircraft have a system for automatically cleaning landing and taxi lights after takeoff. The time for repositioning the headlight lamp at the maximum possible release angle of 88 degrees is no more than 12 seconds. The headlight has two operating modes: taxiing (low light) and landing (high light). In landing mode, a DC supply voltage of 28 volts is supplied to the main filament with a power of 600 W (the PRF-4MP modification has a power of 1000 W), and in taxiing mode to an additional filament with a power of 180 W, while long-term operation in landing mode without airflow incoming flow (when parked on the ground) is not allowed due to overheating of the bulb. As a rule, at least two headlights of the PRF-4M type are installed on airplanes.

The lighting equipment for in-flight refueling consists of FPSh-5 type headlights for illuminating the refueling aircraft, a hose with a cone and a refueling rod. These headlights are structurally similar to the PRF-4, are installed in the front part of the fuselage and can be extended to any angle up to 90 degrees using push switches in the cockpit. The headlamp bulb holder is driven through a gearbox by a DC electric motor ED-12. The lamp power is 65 watts at a supply voltage of 28 volts.

Types of bumper skirts

According to the Western classification, body kits are divided into 2 main categories: standard and individual (custom). In the first case, the element entirely corresponds to the design of a specific brand or model of car. The second type of style is successfully practiced by professional designers. The part must pass tests for practicality and functionality.

The bumper skirt is made from several materials: carbon, steel, aluminum, silicone. However, the most common is plastic. There are fiberglass spoilers, the installation of which requires qualified intervention due to the complexity of adjusting the gaps and the nuances of using a special glass sealant. They are placed on top of the standard bumper, an additional bolted connection is possible.

There is also an impact-resistant ABS thermoplastic body kit. Its installation is not so complicated, the element is attached with double-sided tape using an adhesion primer, and also with additional bolts in the center, in the invisible part of the bumper.

Popular brands:

Mitsubishi Lancer

Railway

The lighting devices of locomotives are determined by the Russian Railways signaling instructions, since they also have signaling significance. The overhead light device is a spotlight, it turns on at night and in poor visibility, only white. At the bottom, buffer lights can be white, yellow, or red; they can be turned on only on one side during maneuvers to determine the direction of movement of the locomotive.

This section is not completed.

You will help the project by correcting and expanding it.

Bumper Skirt Installations

To independently install such a body kit, you will need many different tools and related materials. It must match the shape of the bumper as accurately as possible, so you often have to adjust it - trim or extend it, as well as prime and paint it. Even if this is a standard product, it is difficult to find an option that matches the color of the body.

Carry out the installation in three stages: preparation, painting and finishing. Work in summer, when the air temperature is at least 20 degrees Celsius, in non-rainy weather.

In Moscow, installation of the skirt is carried out by automobile installation centers and service studios. The price of the service varies, it all depends on the specific choice, material and other nuances.

By water transport

This section of the article has not been written.

According to the plan of one or more Wikipedia contributors, a special section should be located in this place. You can help by writing this section. This mark was set on December 31, 2020

River ships "Arabella" and "Mikhail Sholokhov".
Headlights are clearly visible in the bows of ships and on the railings of the navigation bridge. On seagoing vessels, there are usually no headlights as such, since there is no point in illuminating the water surface in front of a moving seagoing vessel. Numerous rotating spotlights are used to illuminate the water area around the vessel when maneuvering or searching for people and objects. But on river vessels, headlights are used, since on rivers there are many small navigational hazards (sinks, floating logs, boats without lights, various types of debris) and in order to detect them at night, the water surface in front of the vessel must be illuminated. To avoid dazzling those on watch on oncoming vessels, the headlights of river vessels have a clear cut-off line (similar to the low beam of car headlights) and are directed slightly downward. Riverboat headlights are quite powerful. Thus, on passenger three- and four-deck motor ships, lamps with a power of 350 W each are used in the headlights, which allows illuminating the water surface at a distance of up to 600-800 meters from the ship. In addition to headlights, river boats are also equipped with rotating spotlights, which use even more powerful lamps (up to 2.5 kW).

HONDA CBR F4 Ultima light

Honda CBR 600 F4 Ultima Light is a Japanese motorcycle with a very rich history and model range. The first Honda CBR 600 with the F Hurricane prefix appeared in 1987. The sporty stance, streamlined body kit and powerful 85 horsepower engine did not leave the model unnoticed. Now the appearance of the first generation looks a little archaic, but in its time it created a sensation. In 1991, an updated version of the Honda CBR 600 F2 appeared. It was a completely different motorcycle. Almost everything has been updated. The plastic body kit has become more aggressive, sharp lines and corners have appeared. The engine began to spin up to an impressive 12,000 rpm, while producing 100 horsepower. The chassis improved. A telescopic fork with adjustments was installed at the front, and a rebound adjustment was added at the rear pendulum. Honda CBR 600 F3 is more of a restyling, as minimal changes have been made. There is a new telescopic fork and rear swingarm, which improves ride quality. The front brakes have been updated, as well as the shape of the plastic body kit. Honda CBR 600 F3 is the first of the modifications that began to actively conquer the domestic market. The Honda CBR600 F4 model of 1999 and the CBR 600 F4 Ultima Light of 2000 were better than their predecessors in everything, due to their sporting orientation. The new product is much lighter and more compact than the previous machine: the motorcycle weighs 170 kilograms, which is almost 20 less than previous versions; this was achieved by replacing the outdated steel frame with an updated one made of aluminum. Adjustable suspension, wider rear wheel, new braking system with 4-piston front calipers. The engine produced 110 horsepower and 65 Nm of torque – record figures for the line. To cope with the updated characteristics, the brakes were improved, the suspension was updated and as a result, according to the passport, the motorcycle could be accelerated to 258 km/h. This was peak performance. Model HONDA CBR F4 Ultima light: (Honda CBR F4 and Ultima light) Cooling: Liquid. (Cooling: Liquid) Drive: Chain. (Drive: Chain) Clocks: 4. (Cycles: 4) Motor and drive. (The engine and drive) Gearbox: 6 speed. Seat height: 810 mm. Weight: 170 kilograms. (Weight: 170 pounds) Year: 2000. (Year: 2000) Engine starting: Electric starter. (Engine start: electric start) Dimensions. (Dimensions) Power: 110.00 (L 110.00). With. 80.3 kW) 12500 rpm / min. Working volume: 599 cm3. Torque: 68.00 Nm 6.9 kgf-m / 50.2 ft.lbs 10500 (6.9 kgf-m / 50.2 ft.lbs 10500) rpm / min. Type: Sports tourist. (Type: Sports-tourist) Type: Four-cylinder in-line. Suspension: Wheelbase: 1395 mm. Colors: Blue / red / white (Blue / red / white). Speed and acceleration: Power / Weight: 0.6471 horsepower / kilogram. Rear brake: Single disc. Front brake: Double disc. Max. speed: 260.0 161.6 mph (260.0 161.6 km). Gas tank capacity: 18 l.

Notes

↑ 1 2
Uniform provisions for motor vehicle headlights emitting an asymmetrical low-beam beam, a high-beam beam or both beams and equipped with incandescent lamps.
GOST R 41.112-2005
.
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of headlights of motor vehicles with gas-discharge light sources. GOST R 41.98-99
.
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of gas-discharge light sources for use in approved gas-discharge optical elements of motor vehicles. GOST R 41.99-99
.
TR CU 018/2011 On the safety of wheeled vehicles (as amended on October 14, 2020) clause 102